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Many use cases require retrieving smaller portions of text, and dense vector-based retrieval systems often perform better with shorter text segments, as the semantics are less likely to be over-compressed in the embeddings. Consequently,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Michael Günther , Isabelle Mohr , Daniel James Williams , Bo Wang , Han Xiao

We propose reconstruction probing, a new analysis method for contextualized representations based on reconstruction probabilities in masked language models (MLMs). This method relies on comparing the reconstruction probabilities of tokens…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Najoung Kim , Jatin Khilnani , Alex Warstadt , Abed Qaddoumi

BERT-based text ranking models have dramatically advanced the state-of-the-art in ad-hoc retrieval, wherein most models tend to consider individual query-document pairs independently. In the mean time, the importance and usefulness to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Xiaoyang Chen , Kai Hui , Ben He , Xianpei Han , Le Sun , Zheng Ye

Contextual adaptation in token embeddings plays a central role in determining how well language models maintain coherence and retain semantic relationships over extended text sequences. Static embeddings often impose constraints on lexical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Koinis Vassilis , Godfrey Milbourne , Harriet Featherstone , Xanthe Peverell , Yorick Bletchley , Zachary Montford

In content-based image retrieval, the first-round retrieval result by simple visual feature comparison may be unsatisfactory, which can be refined by visual re-ranking techniques. In image retrieval, it is observed that the contextual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Jianbo Ouyang , Hui Wu , Min Wang , Wengang Zhou , Houqiang Li

This paper presents a context key/value compression method for Transformer language models in online scenarios, where the context continually expands. As the context lengthens, the attention process demands increasing memory and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Jang-Hyun Kim , Junyoung Yeom , Sangdoo Yun , Hyun Oh Song

Annotating large collections of textual data can be time consuming and expensive. That is why the ability to train models with limited annotation budgets is of great importance. In this context, it has been shown that under tight annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-13 César González-Gutiérrez , Audi Primadhanty , Francesco Cazzaro , Ariadna Quattoni

We present models for embedding words in the context of surrounding words. Such models, which we refer to as token embeddings, represent the characteristics of a word that are specific to a given context, such as word sense, syntactic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Lifu Tu , Kevin Gimpel , Karen Livescu

Transformers have demonstrated remarkable success across vision, language, and video. Yet, increasing task complexity has led to larger models and more tokens, raising the quadratic cost of self-attention and the overhead of GPU memory…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Joonmyung Choi , Sanghyeok Lee , Byungoh Ko , Eunseo Kim , Jihyung Kil , Hyunwoo J. Kim

Position embeddings, encoding the positional relationships among tokens in text sequences, make great contributions to modeling local context features in Transformer-based pre-trained language models. However, in Extractive Question…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Mingxu Tao , Yansong Feng , Dongyan Zhao

Performance metrics-driven context caching has a profound impact on throughput and response time in distributed context management systems for real-time context queries. This paper proposes a reinforcement learning based approach to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-10 Shakthi Weerasinghe , Arkady Zaslavsky , Seng W. Loke , Amin Abken , Alireza Hassani

Text embedding representing natural language documents in a semantic vector space can be used for document retrieval using nearest neighbor lookup. In order to study the feasibility of neural models specialized for retrieval in a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Tolgahan Cakaloglu , Christian Szegedy , Xiaowei Xu

Reading a document and extracting an answer to a question about its content has attracted substantial attention recently. While most work has focused on the interaction between the question and the document, in this work we evaluate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Shimi Salant , Jonathan Berant

Recently, the retrieval models based on dense representations have been gradually applied in the first stage of the document retrieval tasks, showing better performance than traditional sparse vector space models. To obtain high efficiency,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Hongyin Tang , Xingwu Sun , Beihong Jin , Jingang Wang , Fuzheng Zhang , Wei Wu

Prior work on input-token importance in auto-regressive transformers has relied on Softmax-normalized attention weights, which obscure the richer structure of pre-Softmax query-key logits. We introduce RCStat, a statistical framework that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Debabrata Mahapatra , Shubham Agarwal , Apoorv Saxena , Subrata Mitra

Dense vector representations for sentences made significant progress in recent years as can be seen on sentence similarity tasks. Real-world phrase retrieval applications, on the other hand, still encounter challenges for effective use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Eyal Orbach , Lev Haikin , Nelly David , Avi Faizakof

Since the amount of information on the internet is growing rapidly, it is not easy for a user to find relevant information for his/her query. To tackle this issue, much attention has been paid to Automatic Document Summarization. The key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Kamal Al-Sabahi , Zhang Zuping , Yang Kang

Recent techniques such as retrieval-augmented generation or chain-of-thought reasoning have led to longer contexts and increased inference costs. Context compression techniques can reduce these costs, but the most effective approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Hippolyte Pilchen , Edouard Grave , Patrick Pérez

In this work, we focus on a lightweight convolutional architecture that creates fixed-size vector embeddings of sentences. Such representations are useful for building NLP systems, including conversational agents. Our work derives from a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-06 Szymon Malik , Adrian Lancucki , Jan Chorowski

Efficient long-context processing remains a crucial challenge for contemporary large language models (LLMs), especially in resource-constrained environments. Soft compression architectures promise to extend effective context length by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Julia Belikova , Danila Rozhevskii , Dennis Svirin , Konstantin Polev , Alexander Panchenko