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Frequency range 2 (FR2) has become an integral part of 5G networks to fulfill the ever-increasing demand for data hungry-applications. However, radio signals in FR2 experience high path and diffraction loss, which also pronounces the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Subhyal Bin Iqbal , Salman Nadaf , Umur Karabulut , Philipp Schulz , Anna Prado , Gerhard P. Fettweis , Wolfgang Kellerer

The hand blockage effect of the human hand around the user equipment (UE) is too considerable to be ignored in frequency range 2 (FR2). This adds another layer of complexity to the link budget design in FR2 for 5G networks, which already…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Subhyal Bin Iqbal , Salman Nadaf , Umur Karabulut , Philipp Schulz , Anna Prado , Gerhard P. Fettweis , Wolfgang Kellerer

The large bandwidths available at millimeter wave (mmWave) FR2 bands (24-71 GHz) and the emerging FR3 bands (7-24 GHz) are essential for supporting high data rates. Highly directional beams utilized to overcome the attenuation in these…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-25 Ece Bingöl , Eylem Ekici , Mehmet C. Vuran

Although frequency range 2 (FR2) systems are an essential part of 5G-Advanced and future 3GPP releases, the mobility performance of multi-panel user equipment (MPUE) with hand blockage is still an area open for research and standardization.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Subhyal Bin Iqbal , Salman Nadaf , Ahmad Awada , Umur Karabulut , Philipp Schulz , Gerhard P. Fettweis

Motivated by increasing wireless capacity demands and 6G advancements, the newly defined Frequency Range 3 (FR3, 7.125-24.25 GHz), also known as the upper mid-band, has emerged as a promising spectrum candidate. It offers a balance between…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Fahimeh Aghaei , Mehdi Monemi , Mehdi Rasti , Murat Uysal

Technological developments alongside VLSI achievements enable mobile devices to be equipped with multiple radio interfaces which is known as multihoming. On the other hand, the combination of various wireless access technologies, known as…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2017-01-06 Mehran Shoushtari Moghaddam , Naser Movahhedinia , Mohammad-Reza Khayyambashi , Faramarz Hendessi

In this paper we investigate the performance of mobile user connectivity in femtocell/macrocell networks. The femto user equipment (FUE) can connect to femto access point (FAP) with low communication range rather than higher communication…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2015-03-13 Saied M. Abd El-atty , Z. M. Gharsseldien

The millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies offer the potential of orders of magnitude increases in capacity for next-generation cellular wireless systems. However, links in mmWave networks are highly susceptible to blocking and may suffer…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-03-06 Marco Giordani , Marco Mezzavilla , Sundeep Rangan , Michele Zorzi

The 5G New Radio (NR) standard introduces new frequency bands allocated in Frequency Range 2 (FR2) to support enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) in congested environments and enables new use cases such as Ultra-Reliable Low Latency…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Kasidis Arunruangsirilert , Pasapong Wongprasert , Jiro Katto

The millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies offer the availability of huge bandwidths to provide unprecedented data rates to next-generation cellular mobile terminals. However, directional mmWave links are highly susceptible to rapid channel…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-03-06 Marco Giordani , Michele Zorzi

Industrial environments constitute a challenge in terms of radio propagation due to the presence of machinery and the mobility of the different agents, especially at mmWave bands. This paper presents an experimental evaluation of a FR2 5G…

Research and development on the next generation wireless systems, namely 5G, has experienced explosive growth in recent years. In the physical layer (PHY), the massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) technique and the use of high GHz…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-07-20 Yiming Huo , Xiaodai Dong , Wei Xu

Fifth Generation (5G) mobile networks mark a significant shift from previous generations of networks. By introducing a flexible design, 5G networks support highly diverse application requirements. Currently, the landscape of previous…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Rostand A. K. Fezeu , Jason Carpenter , Claudio Fiandrino , Eman Ramadan , Wei Ye , Joerg Widmer , Feng Qian , Zhi-Li Zhang

As wireless networks continue to evolve, stringent latency and reliability requirements and highly dynamic channels expose fundamental limitations of gNB-centric massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) architectures, motivating a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Kwonyeol Park , Hyuckjin Choi , Geonho Han , Gyoseung Lee , Yeonjoon Choi , Sunwoo Park , Junil Choi

In 5G cellular networks, frequency range 2 (FR2) introduces higher frequencies that cause rapid signal degradation and challenge user mobility. In recent studies, a conditional handover procedure has been adopted as an enhancement to…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Subhyal Bin Iqbal , Umur Karabulut , Ahmad Awada , Andre Noll Barreto , Philipp Schulz , Gerhard P. Fettweis

Beyond 5G networks will operate at high frequencies with wide bandwidths. This brings both opportunities and challenges. Opportunities include high throughput connectivity with low latency. However, one of the main challenges in these…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Vijaya Yajnanarayana

While Time Division Duplexing (TDD) 5G New Radio (NR) networks offers higher downlink throughput due to the utilization of the middle frequency band, the uplink performance is negatively impacted due to higher path loss associated with…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Kasidis Arunruangsirilert , Pasapong Wongprasert , Jiro Katto

This paper considers the problem of beam alignment in a cell-free massive MIMO deployment with multiple access points (APs) and multiple user equipments (UEs) simultaneously operating in the same millimeter wave frequency band. Assuming the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Stefano Buzzi , Carmen D'Andrea , Maria Fresia , Xiaofeng Wu

Providing network connectivity to mobile users is a key requirement for cellular wireless networks. User mobility impacts network performance as well as user perceived service quality. For efficient network dimensioning and optimization, it…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-05-09 Hina Tabassum , Mohammad Salehi , Ekram Hossain

The millimeter wave (mmWave) bands offer the possibility of orders of magnitude greater throughput for fifth generation (5G) cellular systems. However, since mmWave signals are highly susceptible to blockage, channel quality on any one…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-09-07 Michele Polese , Marco Giordani , Marco Mezzavilla , Sundeep Rangan , Michele Zorzi
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