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Distributed systems adopt weak consistency to ensure high availability and low latency, but state convergence is hard to guarantee due to conflicts. Experts carefully design replicated data types (RDTs) that resemble sequential data types…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Kevin De Porre , Carla Ferreira , Elisa Gonzalez Boix

Consensus protocols are fundamental in distributed systems as they enable software with strong consistency properties. However, designing optimized protocols for specific use-cases under certain system assumptions is typically a laborious…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Julian Haas , Ragnar Mogk , Annette Bieniusa , Mira Mezini

Data replication is crucial for enabling fault tolerance and uniform low latency in modern decentralized applications. Replicated Data Types (RDTs) have emerged as a principled approach for developing replicated implementations of basic…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Vimala Soundarapandian , Kartik Nagar , Aseem Rastogi , KC Sivaramakrishnan

Internet-scale distributed systems often replicate data at multiple geographic locations to provide low latency and high availability, despite node and network failures. Geo-replicated systems that adopt a weak consistency model allow…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-06-28 Nuno Preguiça

CRDTs are distributed data types that make eventual consistency of a distributed object possible and non ad-hoc. Specifically, state-based CRDTs ensure convergence through disseminating the entire state, that may be large, and merging it to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-10-17 Paulo Sérgio Almeida , Ali Shoker , Carlos Baquero

Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) allow optimistic replication in a principled way. Different replicas can proceed independently, being available even under network partitions, and always converging deterministically: replicas…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Paulo Sérgio Almeida

Distributed systems designed to serve clients across the world often make use of geo-replication to attain low latency and high availability. Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) allow the design of predictable multi-master…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-10-13 Carlos Baquero , Paulo Sergio Almeida , Ali Shoker

Data replication is used in distributed systems to maintain up-to-date copies of shared data across multiple computers in a network. However, despite decades of research, algorithms for achieving consistency in replicated systems are still…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-08-30 Victor B. F. Gomes , Martin Kleppmann , Dominic P. Mulligan , Alastair R. Beresford

In Opportunistic Networks (OppNets), the dissemination of information can only rely on transient pairwise radio contacts between mobile devices (peers). Designing distributed applications that can run in such conditions is a challenge, but…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Frédéric Guidec , Yves Mahéo

Designing correct replicated data types (RDTs) is challenging because replicas evolve independently and must be merged while preserving application intent. A promising approach is correct-by-construction development in a proof-oriented…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Pranav Ramesh , Vimala Soundarapandian , KC Sivaramakrishnan

A conflict-free replicated data type (CRDT) is an abstract data type, with a well defined interface, designed to be replicated at multiple processes and exhibiting the following properties: (1) any replica can be modified without…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-06-22 Nuno Preguiça , Carlos Baquero , Marc Shapiro

BACKGROUND: Modern distributed systems replicate data across multiple execution sites. Business requirements and resource constraints often necessitate mixing different languages across replica sites. To facilitate the management of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Provakar Mondal , Eli Tilevich

Maintaining multiple replicas of data is crucial to achieving scalability, availability and low latency in distributed applications. Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) are important building blocks in this domain because they are…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-05-15 Kartik Nagar , Suresh Jagannathan

Geo-distributed systems often replicate data at multiple locations to achieve availability and performance despite network partitions. These systems must accept updates at any replica and propagate these updates asynchronously to every…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-03-18 Constantin Enea , Suha Orhun Mutluergil , Gustavo Petri , Chao Wang

CRDTs are distributed data types that make eventual consistency of a distributed object possible and non ad-hoc. Specifically, state-based CRDTs ensure convergence through disseminating the en- tire state, that may be large, and merging it…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2015-03-04 Paulo Sérgio Almeida , Ali Shoker , Carlos Baquero

Conflict-free replicated data types (CRDTs) are distributed data structures designed for fault tolerance and high availability. CRDTs have historically been taxonomized into state-based CRDTs, in which replicas apply updates locally and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Nathan Liittschwager , Jonathan Castello , Stelios Tsampas , Lindsey Kuper

Data replication is a critical aspect of data center design, as it ensures high availability, scalability, and fault tolerance. However, replicas need to be coordinated to maintain convergence and database integrity constraints under…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Javad Saberlatibari , Prithviraj Yuvaraj , Mohsen Lesani , Philip Brisk , Mohammad Sadoghi

To ensure high availability in large scale distributed systems, Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) relax consistency by allowing immediate query and update operations at the local replica, with no need for remote synchronization.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Vitor Enes , Paulo Sérgio Almeida , Carlos Baquero , João Leitão

Operation-based Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) are eventually consistent replicated data types that automatically resolve conflicts between concurrent operations. Op-based CRDTs must be designed differently for each data type,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Matthew Weidner , Heather Miller , Christopher Meiklejohn

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in code generation and comprehension, yet their application to complex software engineering tasks often suffers from low precision and limited interpretability. We present Repeton,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Nguyen Phu Vinh , Anh Chung Hoang , Chris Ngo , Truong-Son Hy
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