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Combinatorial optimization is considered a promising class of problems in which quantum computers can show significant advantages. However, problems of practical relevance typically have more variables than current or foreseeable quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Mathias Schmid , Naeimeh Mohseni , Michael J. Hartmann

Current quantum computing devices have different strengths and weaknesses depending on their architectures. This means that flexible approaches to circuit design are necessary. We address this task by introducing a novel space-efficient…

Recent hardware demonstrations and advances in circuit compilation have made quantum computing with higher-dimensional systems (qudits) on near-term devices an attractive possibility. Some problems have more natural or optimal encodings…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-17 Gabriel Bottrill , Mudit Pandey , Olivia Di Matteo

Combinatorial optimization problems are typically formulated using Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO), where constraints are enforced through penalty terms that introduce auxiliary variables and rapidly increase Hamiltonian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Shashank Sanjay Bhat , Peiyong Wang , Joseph West , Udaya Parampalli

Mixed discrete-continuous optimization is central to engineering design, where discrete choices interact with continuous fields. These problems are difficult due to high-dimensional, complex search spaces. To tackle them, Quantum Annealing…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Fabian Key , Lukas Freinberger , Mayu Muramatsu , Norbert Hosters

The design of a good algorithm to solve NP-hard combinatorial approximation problems requires specific domain knowledge about the problems and often needs a trial-and-error problem solving approach. Graph coloring is one of the essential…

Solving real-world optimization problems with quantum computing requires choosing between a large number of options concerning formulation, encoding, algorithm and hardware. Finding good solution paths is challenging for end users and…

Quantum optimization has emerged as a promising frontier of quantum computing, providing novel numerical approaches to mathematical optimization problems. The main goal of this paper is to facilitate interdisciplinary research between the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-05 Alexey Bochkarev , Raoul Heese , Sven Jäger , Philine Schiewe , Anita Schöbel

We present an encoding and hardware-independent formulation of optimization problems for quantum computing. Using this generalized approach, we present an extensive library of optimization problems and their various derived spin encodings.…

Quantum optimization as a field has largely been restricted by the constraints of current quantum computing hardware, as limitations on size, performance, and fidelity mean most non-trivial problem instances won't fit on quantum devices.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-03 Ibrahim Cameron , Teague Tomesh , Zain Saleem , Ilya Safro

Quantum computing is emerging as a new computing resource that could be superior to conventional computing for certain classes of optimization problems. However, in principle, most existing approaches to quantum optimization are intended to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-01-21 Chin-Yao Chang , Eric Jones , Yiyun Yao , Peter Graf , Rishabh Jain

In the pursuit of achieving near-term quantum advantage for combinatorial optimization problems, the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) and the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) are the primary methods of interest, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-06 Adelina Bärligea , Benedikt Poggel , Jeanette Miriam Lorenz

Quantum machines are among the most promising technologies expected to provide significant improvements in the following years. However, bridging the gap between real-world applications and their implementation on quantum hardware is still…

A range of quantum algorithms, especially those leveraging variational parameterization and circuit-based optimization, are being studied as alternatives for solving classically intractable combinatorial optimization problems (COPs).…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Monit Sharma , Hoong Chuin Lau

The weighted MAX k-CUT problem involves partitioning a weighted undirected graph into k subsets, or colors, to maximize the sum of the weights of edges between vertices in different subsets. This problem has significant applications across…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-05 Franz G. Fuchs , Ruben P. Bassa , Frida Lien

Quantum optimization holds promise for addressing classically intractable combinatorial problems, yet a standardized framework for benchmarking its performance, particularly in terms of solution quality, computational speed, and scalability…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-20 Monit Sharma , Hoong Chuin Lau

This paper proposes a quasi-binary encoding based algorithm for solving a specific quadratic optimization models with discrete variables, in the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) framework. The quadratic optimization model…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-25 Bingren Chen , Hanqing Wu , Haomu Yuan , Lei Wu , Xin Li

Achieving superpolynomial speedups for optimization has long been a central goal for quantum algorithms. Here we introduce Decoded Quantum Interferometry (DQI), a quantum algorithm that uses the quantum Fourier transform to reduce…

Variational quantum algorithms have attracted attention for their potential to solve combinatorial optimization problems. We study how the choice of encoding affects the resource requirements and optimization behavior of a variational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Linus Ekstrøm , Hao Wang , Sebastian Schmitt

Scaling the size of monolithic quantum computer systems is a difficult task. As the number of qubits within a device increases, a number of factors contribute to decreases in yield and performance. To meet this challenge, distributed…

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