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We study the accuracy of estimating the covariance and the precision matrix of a $D$-variate sub-Gaussian distribution along a prescribed subspace or direction using the finite sample covariance. Our results show that the estimation…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-01-14 Zeljko Kereta , Timo Klock

In portfolio risk minimization, the inverse covariance matrix of returns is often unknown and has to be estimated in practice. This inverse covariance matrix also prescribes the hedge trades in which a stock is hedged by all the other…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2024-07-15 Lim Hao Shen Keith

This paper offers a precise analytical characterization of the distribution of returns for a portfolio constituted of assets whose returns are described by an arbitrary joint multivariate distribution. In this goal, we introduce a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-10-31 D. Sornette , P. Simonetti , J. V. Andersen

The global minimum-variance portfolio is a typical choice for investors because of its simplicity and broad applicability. Although it requires only one input, namely the covariance matrix of asset returns, estimating the optimal solution…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2021-01-08 Sven Husmann , Antoniya Shivarova , Rick Steinert

This paper explores the practical approach to portfolio selection methods for investments. The study delves into portfolio theory, discussing concepts such as expected return, variance, asset correlation, and opportunity sets. It also…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2024-10-16 Carlos Minutti-Martinez

Portfolio optimization constitutes a cornerstone of risk management by quantifying the risk-return trade-off. Since it inherently depends on accurate parameter estimation under conditions of future uncertainty, the selection of appropriate…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-08-15 Juchan Kim , Inwoo Tae , Yongjae Lee

Utility and risk are two often competing measurements on the investment success. We show that efficient trade-off between these two measurements for investment portfolios happens, in general, on a convex curve in the two dimensional space…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2018-05-16 Stanislaus Maier-Paape , Qiji Jim Zhu

The Markowitz mean-variance portfolio optimization model aims to balance expected return and risk when investing. However, there is a significant limitation when solving large portfolio optimization problems efficiently: the large and dense…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2023-06-23 Cassidy K. Buhler , Hande Y. Benson

Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) are widely used to recover the conditional independence structure among random variables. Recent work has sought to incorporate auxiliary covariates to improve estimation, particularly in applications such…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-31 Ruobin Liu , Guo Yu

In this paper, new results in random matrix theory are derived which allow us to construct a shrinkage estimator of the global minimum variance (GMV) portfolio when the shrinkage target is a random object. More specifically, the shrinkage…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-04-19 Taras Bodnar , Nestor Parolya , Erik Thorsen

In this paper, we tackle the dynamic mean-variance portfolio selection problem in a {\it model-free} manner, based on (generative) diffusion models. We propose using data sampled from the real model $\mathbb P$ (which is unknown) with…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2025-09-03 Ahmad Aghapour , Erhan Bayraktar , Fengyi Yuan

In minimum trace (MinT) forecast reconciliation, the covariance matrix of the base forecasts errors plays a crucial role. Typically, this matrix is estimated and then treated as known. This can lead to underestimation of the variance of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-11 Chiara Carrara , Dario Azzimonti , Giorgio Corani , Lorenzo Zambon

In this paper we consider a generalization of the Markowitz's Mean-Variance model under linear transaction costs and cardinality constraints. The cardinality constraints are used to limit the number of assets in the optimal portfolio. The…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2014-04-15 Mahdi Moeini

Modeling and managing portfolio risk is perhaps the most important step to achieve growing and preserving investment performance. Within the modern portfolio construction framework that built on Markowitz's theory, the covariance matrix of…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2021-10-28 Hengxu Lin , Dong Zhou , Weiqing Liu , Jiang Bian

The fundamental principle in Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) is based on the quantification of the portfolio's risk related to performance. Although MPT has made huge impacts on the investment world and prompted the success and prevalence of…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2021-02-15 Shi Yu , Haoran Wang , Chaosheng Dong

We consider the problem of learning a Gaussian variational approximation to the posterior distribution for a high-dimensional parameter, where we impose sparsity in the precision matrix to reflect appropriate conditional independence…

Computation · Statistics 2019-04-23 Linda S. L. Tan , David J. Nott

Recent studies stressed the fact that covariance matrices computed from empirical financial time series appear to contain a high amount of noise. This makes the classical Markowitz Mean-Variance Optimization model unable to correctly…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-03-03 Justo Puerto , Federica Ricca , Moisés Rodríguez-Madrena , Andrea Scozzari

Graphical models are a powerful tool to estimate a high-dimensional inverse covariance (precision) matrix, which has been applied for a portfolio allocation problem. The assumption made by these models is a sparsity of the precision matrix.…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-04-04 Tae-Hwy Lee , Ekaterina Seregina

Many methods for machine learning rely on approximate inference from intractable probability distributions. Variational inference approximates such distributions by tractable models that can be subsequently used for approximate inference.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Oleg Arenz , Mingjun Zhong , Gerhard Neumann

The asymptotic distribution of the Markowitz portfolio is derived, for the general case (assuming fourth moments of returns exist), and for the case of multivariate normal returns. The derivation allows for inference which is robust to…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2020-03-09 Steven E. Pav