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Randomized smoothing has established state-of-the-art provable robustness against $\ell_2$ norm adversarial attacks with high probability. However, the introduced Gaussian data augmentation causes a severe decrease in natural accuracy. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Ching-Chia Kao , Jhe-Bang Ko , Chun-Shien Lu

As Large Language Models make a breakthrough in natural language processing tasks (NLP), multimodal technique becomes extremely popular. However, it has been shown that multimodal NLP are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, where the outputs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Hao Wang , Jinzhe Jiang , Xin Zhang , Chen Li

The softmax function is widely used in artificial neural networks for the multiclass classification problems, where the softmax transformation enforces the output to be positive and sum to one, and the corresponding loss function allows to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Shaoshi Sun , Zhenyuan Zhang , BoCheng Huang , Pengbin Lei , Jianlin Su , Shengfeng Pan , Jiarun Cao

Adversarial robustness measures the susceptibility of a classifier to imperceptible perturbations made to the inputs at test time. In this work we highlight the benefits of natural low rank representations that often exist for real data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Pranjal Awasthi , Himanshu Jain , Ankit Singh Rawat , Aravindan Vijayaraghavan

The softmax function is a fundamental component in deep learning. This study delves into the often-overlooked parameter within the softmax function, known as "temperature," providing novel insights into the practical and theoretical aspects…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Hao Xuan , Bokai Yang , Xingyu Li

Softmax Loss (SL) is widely applied in recommender systems (RS) and has demonstrated effectiveness. This work analyzes SL from a pairwise perspective, revealing two significant limitations: 1) the relationship between SL and conventional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Weiqin Yang , Jiawei Chen , Xin Xin , Sheng Zhou , Binbin Hu , Yan Feng , Chun Chen , Can Wang

Data augmentation plays a pivotal role in enhancing and diversifying training data. Nonetheless, consistently improving model performance in varied learning scenarios, especially those with inherent data biases, remains challenging. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Xiaoling Zhou , Wei Ye , Zhemg Lee , Rui Xie , Shikun Zhang

A recent technique of randomized smoothing has shown that the worst-case (adversarial) $\ell_2$-robustness can be transformed into the average-case Gaussian-robustness by "smoothing" a classifier, i.e., by considering the averaged…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-11 Jongheon Jeong , Jinwoo Shin

We present a causal view on the robustness of neural networks against input manipulations, which applies not only to traditional classification tasks but also to general measurement data. Based on this view, we design a deep causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Cheng Zhang , Kun Zhang , Yingzhen Li

Here, we show that current LLM unlearning methods inherently reduce models' robustness, causing them to misbehave even when a single non-adversarial forget-token is present in the retain-query. Toward understanding underlying causes, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Dang Huu-Tien , Hoang Thanh-Tung , Anh Bui , Minh-Phuong Nguyen , Le-Minh Nguyen , Naoya Inoue

This paper introduces a general multi-class approach to weakly supervised classification. Inferring the labels and learning the parameters of the model is usually done jointly through a block-coordinate descent algorithm such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-07-03 Armand Joulin , Francis Bach

Machine learning models have demonstrated remarkable success across diverse domains but remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Empirical defense mechanisms often fail, as new attacks constantly emerge, rendering existing defenses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Anupriya Kumari , Devansh Bhardwaj , Sukrit Jindal

In reinforcement learning, the softmax parametrization is the standard approach for policies over discrete action spaces. However, it fails to capture the order relationship between actions. Motivated by a real-world industrial problem, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Simón Weinberger , Jairo Cugliari

In this paper, we address a problem of machine learning system vulnerability to adversarial attacks. We propose and investigate a Key based Diversified Aggregation (KDA) mechanism as a defense strategy. The KDA assumes that the attacker (i)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-15 Olga Taran , Shideh Rezaeifar , Taras Holotyak , Slava Voloshynovskiy

While generalizing well over natural inputs, neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial inputs. Existing defenses against adversarial inputs have largely been detached from the real world. These defenses also come at a cost to accuracy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-05 Varun Chandrasekaran , Brian Tang , Nicolas Papernot , Kassem Fawaz , Somesh Jha , Xi Wu

Representational sparsity is known to affect robustness to input perturbations in deep neural networks (DNNs), but less is known about how the semantic content of representations affects robustness. Class selectivity-the variability of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Matthew L. Leavitt , Ari Morcos

The Gumbel-Max trick is the basis of many relaxed gradient estimators. These estimators are easy to implement and low variance, but the goal of scaling them comprehensively to large combinatorial distributions is still outstanding. Working…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-02 Max B. Paulus , Dami Choi , Daniel Tarlow , Andreas Krause , Chris J. Maddison

Adversarially robust models are locally smooth around each data sample so that small perturbations cannot drastically change model outputs. In modern systems, such smoothness is usually obtained via Adversarial Training, which explicitly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Adrián Rodríguez-Muñoz , Tongzhou Wang , Antonio Torralba

Randomized smoothing has recently attracted attentions in the field of adversarial robustness to provide provable robustness guarantees on smoothed neural network classifiers. However, existing works show that vanilla randomized smoothing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Linbo Liu , Trong Nghia Hoang , Lam M. Nguyen , Tsui-Wei Weng

Though Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have surpassed human-level performance on tasks such as object classification and face verification, they can easily be fooled by adversarial attacks. These attacks add a small perturbation to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-26 Rajeev Ranjan , Swami Sankaranarayanan , Carlos D. Castillo , Rama Chellappa