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This paper surveys and organizes research works in a new paradigm in natural language processing, which we dub "prompt-based learning". Unlike traditional supervised learning, which trains a model to take in an input x and predict an output…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Pengfei Liu , Weizhe Yuan , Jinlan Fu , Zhengbao Jiang , Hiroaki Hayashi , Graham Neubig

Pre-training models have shown their power in sequential recommendation. Recently, prompt has been widely explored and verified for tuning in NLP pre-training, which could help to more effectively and efficiently extract useful knowledge…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Yiqing Wu , Ruobing Xie , Yongchun Zhu , Fuzhen Zhuang , Xu Zhang , Leyu Lin , Qing He

Prompting is central to interaction with AI systems, yet many users struggle to explore alternative directions, articulate creative intent, or understand how variations in prompts shape model outputs. We introduce prompt recommender systems…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Jason Kim , Maria Teleki , James Caverlee

Providing user-understandable explanations to justify recommendations could help users better understand the recommended items, increase the system's ease of use, and gain users' trust. A typical approach to realize it is natural language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Lei Li , Yongfeng Zhang , Li Chen

Prompting approaches have been recently explored in text style transfer, where a textual prompt is used to query a pretrained language model to generate style-transferred texts word by word in an autoregressive manner. However, such a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Guoqing Luo , Yu Tong Han , Lili Mou , Mauajama Firdaus

ChatGPT has achieved remarkable success in natural language understanding. Considering that recommendation is indeed a conversation between users and the system with items as words, which has similar underlying pattern with ChatGPT, we…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Yabin Zhang , Wenhui Yu , Erhan Zhang , Xu Chen , Lantao Hu , Peng Jiang , Kun Gai

Recognizing customer intent accurately with language models based on customer-agent conversational data is essential in today's digital customer service marketplace, but it is often hindered by the lack of sufficient labeled data. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Hengyu Luo , Peng Liu , Stefan Esping

We explore unconstrained natural language feedback as a learning signal for artificial agents. Humans use rich and varied language to teach, yet most prior work on interactive learning from language assumes a particular form of input (e.g.,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Theodore R. Sumers , Mark K. Ho , Robert D. Hawkins , Karthik Narasimhan , Thomas L. Griffiths

Designing effective prompts can empower LLMs to understand user preferences and provide recommendations with intent comprehension and knowledge utilization capabilities. Nevertheless, recent studies predominantly concentrate on task-wise…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Wenyu Mao , Jiancan Wu , Weijian Chen , Chongming Gao , Xiang Wang , Xiangnan He

Understanding the nuances of a user's extensive interaction history is key to building accurate and personalized natural language systems that can adapt to evolving user preferences. To address this, we introduce PERSOMA, Personalized Soft…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Liam Hebert , Krishna Sayana , Ambarish Jash , Alexandros Karatzoglou , Sukhdeep Sodhi , Sumanth Doddapaneni , Yanli Cai , Dima Kuzmin

Prompt engineering has made significant contributions to the era of large language models, yet its effectiveness depends on the skills of a prompt author. This paper introduces $\textit{iPrOp}$, a novel interactive prompt optimization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Jiahui Li , Roman Klinger

Prompts have been shown to be an effective method to adapt a frozen Pretrained Language Model (PLM) to perform well on downstream tasks. Prompts can be represented by a human-engineered word sequence or by a learned continuous embedding. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Jonathan Pilault , Can Liu , Mohit Bansal , Markus Dreyer

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into daily life, there is growing demand for AI assistants that are not only reactive but also proactive and personalized. While recent advances have pushed forward proactivity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Jiho Kim , Junseong Choi , Woosog Chay , Daeun Kyung , Yeonsu Kwon , Yohan Jo , Edward Choi

The recent "pre-train, prompt, predict training" paradigm has gained popularity as a way to learn generalizable models with limited labeled data. The approach involves using a pre-trained model and a prompting function that applies a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Xuansheng Wu , Kaixiong Zhou , Mingchen Sun , Xin Wang , Ninghao Liu

Prompts used in recent large language model based applications are often fixed and lengthy, leading to significant computational overhead. To address this challenge, we propose Generative Prompt Internalization (GenPI), a lightweight method…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Haebin Shin , Lei Ji , Yeyun Gong , Sungdong Kim , Eunbi Choi , Minjoon Seo

Large Language Models (LLMs) are machine learning models that have seen widespread adoption due to their capability of handling previously difficult tasks. LLMs, due to their training, are sensitive to how exactly a question is presented,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Jae Yong Lee , Sungmin Kang , Shin Yoo

Continual learning aims to refine model parameters for new tasks while retaining knowledge from previous tasks. Recently, prompt-based learning has emerged to leverage pre-trained models to be prompted to learn subsequent tasks without the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Jisu Han , Jaemin Na , Wonjun Hwang

Multi-interest learning method for sequential recommendation aims to predict the next item according to user multi-faceted interests given the user historical interactions. Existing methods mainly consist of a multi-interest extractor that…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Xue Dong , Xuemeng Song , Tongliang Liu , Weili Guan

Mental health professionals and clinicians have observed the upsurge of mental disorders due to Interpersonal Risk Factors (IRFs). To simulate the human-in-the-loop triaging scenario for early detection of mental health disorders, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-22 MSVPJ Sathvik , Surjodeep Sarkar , Chandni Saxena , Sunghwan Sohn , Muskan Garg

The remarkable success of pretrained language models has motivated the study of what kinds of knowledge these models learn during pretraining. Reformulating tasks as fill-in-the-blanks problems (e.g., cloze tests) is a natural approach for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Taylor Shin , Yasaman Razeghi , Robert L. Logan , Eric Wallace , Sameer Singh
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