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This study explores the intersection of electroencephalography (EEG) microstates and Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance the assessment of cognitive load states. By utilizing EEG microstate features, the research aims to fine-tune LLMs…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Bujar Raufi

Cognitive load assessment is crucial for understanding human performance in various domains. This study investigates the impact of different task conditions and time constraints on cognitive load using multiple measures, including…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Arash Abbasi Larki , Akram Shojaei , Mehdi Delrobaei

We present a novel multimodal dataset for Cognitive Load Assessment in REal-time (CLARE). The dataset contains physiological and gaze data from 24 participants with self-reported cognitive load scores as ground-truth labels. The dataset…

Electroencephalography (EEG) offers non-invasive, real-time mental workload assessment, which is crucial in high-stakes domains like aviation and medicine and for advancing brain-computer interface (BCI) technologies. This study introduces…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Gourav Siddhad , Partha Pratim Roy , Byung-Gyu Kim

Tremendous neuroscientific progress has recently been made by mapping brain connectivity, complementing extensive knowledge of task-evoked brain activation patterns. However, despite evidence that they are related, these connectivity and…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-06 Michael W. Cole

This study employs cutting-edge wearable monitoring technology to conduct high-precision, high-temporal-resolution (1-second interval) cognitive load assessment on electroencephalogram (EEG) data from the FP1 channel and heart rate…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Ling He , Yanxin Chen , Wenqi Wang , Shuting He , Xiaoqiang Hu

Recently, electroencephalography (EEG) signals have been actively incorporated to decode brain activity to visual or textual stimuli and achieve object recognition in multi-modal AI. Accordingly, endeavors have been focused on building…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Xu Zheng , Ling Wang , Kanghao Chen , Yuanhuiyi Lyu , Jiazhou Zhou , Lin Wang

This article summarizes a systematic review of the electroencephalography (EEG)-based cognitive workload (CWL) estimation. The focus of the article is twofold: identify the disparate experimental paradigms used for reliably eliciting…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-24 Vishnu KN , Cota Navin Gupta

We propose a new representation learning solution for the classification of cognitive load based on Electroencephalogram (EEG). Our method integrates both time and frequency domains by first passing the raw EEG signals through the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Prithila Angkan , Amin Jalali , Paul Hungler , Ali Etemad

With the increasing prevalence of 3D videos, investigating the differences of viewing experiences between 2D and 3D videos has become an important issue. In this study, we explored the cognitive load induced by 2D and 3D video stimuli under…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-05-14 Yu Liu , Chen Song , Yunpeng Yin , Herui Shi , Jinglin Sun , Han Wang , Peiguang Jing

Assessing cognitive load on web search is useful for characterizing search system features and search tasks with respect to their demands on the searcher's mental effort. It is also helpful for examining how individual differences among…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2010-01-12 Jacek Gwizdka

Brain decoding involves the determination of a subject's cognitive state or an associated stimulus from functional neuroimaging data measuring brain activity. In this setting the cognitive state is typically characterized by an element of a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-04-14 Nicole Croteau , Farouk S. Nathoo , Jiguo Cao , Ryan Budney

Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) exhibit strong visual understanding and reasoning abilities. However, whether their internal representations reflect human visual cognition is still under-explored. In this paper, we address this by…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Xin Xiao , Yang Lei , Haoyang Zeng , Xiao Sun , Xinyi Jiang , Yu Tian , Hao Wu , Kaiwen Wei , Jiang Zhong

Electroencephalography (EEG) interpretation using multimodal large language models (MLLMs) offers a novel approach for analyzing brain signals. However, the complex nature of brain activity introduces critical challenges: EEG signals…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-02 Ziyi Zeng , Zhenyang Cai , Yixi Cai , Xidong Wang , Junying Chen , Rongsheng Wang , Yipeng Liu , Siqi Cai , Benyou Wang , Zhiguo Zhang , Haizhou Li

The ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to use external tools unlocks powerful real-world interactions, making rigorous evaluation essential. However, current benchmarks primarily report final accuracy, revealing what models can do but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Qihao Wang , Yue Hu , Mingzhe Lu , Jiayue Wu , Yanbing Liu , Yuanmin Tang

Investigations into using visualization to improve Bayesian reasoning and advance risk communication have produced mixed results, suggesting that cognitive ability might affect how users perform with different presentation formats. Our work…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Melanie Bancilhon , AJ Wright , Sunwoo Ha , Jordan Crouser , Alvitta Ottley

Working memory, or the ability to hold and manipulate information in the mind, is a critical component of human intelligence and executive functioning. It is correlated with performance on various cognitive tasks, including measures of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Karin de Langis , Jong Inn Park , Bin Hu , Khanh Chi Le , Andreas Schramm , Michael C. Mensink , Andrew Elfenbein , Dongyeop Kang

Working memory (WM), a fundamental cognitive process facilitating the temporary storage, integration, manipulation, and retrieval of information, plays a vital role in reasoning and decision-making tasks. Robust benchmark datasets that…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-11-02 Ankur Sikarwar , Mengmi Zhang

Simulations are a pedagogical means of enabling a risk-free way for healthcare practitioners to learn, maintain, or enhance their knowledge and skills. Such simulations should provide an optimum amount of cognitive load to the learner and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-02-05 Pritam Sarkar , Kyle Ross , Aaron J. Ruberto , Dirk Rodenburg , Paul Hungler , Ali Etemad

Passive brain-computer interfaces offer a potential source of implicit feedback for alignment of large language models, but most mental state decoding has been done in controlled tasks. This paper investigates whether established EEG…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Lucija Mihić Zidar , Philipp Wicke , Praneel Bhatia , Rosa Lutz , Marius Klug , Thorsten O. Zander