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Online hate speech can harmfully impact individuals and groups, specifically on non-moderated platforms such as 4chan where users can post anonymous content. This work focuses on analysing and measuring the prevalence of online hate on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Adrian Bermudez-Villalva , Maryam Mehrnezhad , Ehsan Toreini

Social media, particularly Twitter, has seen a significant increase in incidents like trolling and hate speech. Thus, identifying hate speech is the need of the hour. This paper introduces a computational framework to curb the hate content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Anusha Chhabra , Dinesh Kumar Vishwakarma

\textbf{Offensive Content Warning}: This paper contains offensive language only for providing examples that clarify this research and do not reflect the authors' opinions. Please be aware that these examples are offensive and may cause you…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-01 Urja Khurana , Ivar Vermeulen , Eric Nalisnick , Marloes van Noorloos , Antske Fokkens

We study malicious online content via a specific type of hate speech: race, ethnicity and national-origin based discrimination in social media, alongside hate crimes motivated by those characteristics, in 100 cities across the United…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-02-04 Kunal Relia , Zhengyi Li , Stephanie H. Cook , Rumi Chunara

Hate speech detection has become a hot topic in recent years due to the exponential growth of offensive language in social media. It has proven that, state-of-the-art hate speech classifiers are efficient only when tested on the data with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Hadi Mansourifar , Dana Alsagheer , Weidong Shi , Lan Ni , Yan Huang

The curation of hate speech datasets involves complex design decisions that balance competing priorities. This paper critically examines these methodological choices in a diverse range of datasets, highlighting common themes and practices,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Luna Wang , Andrew Caines , Alice Hutchings

Hate speech detection within a cross-lingual setting represents a paramount area of interest for all medium and large-scale online platforms. Failing to properly address this issue on a global scale has already led over time to morally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Teodor Tiţa , Arkaitz Zubiaga

While social media empowers freedom of expression and individual voices, it also enables anti-social behavior, online harassment, cyberbullying, and hate speech. In this paper, we deepen our understanding of online hate speech by focusing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-04-13 Mai ElSherief , Vivek Kulkarni , Dana Nguyen , William Yang Wang , Elizabeth Belding

Online toxic content has grown into a pervasive phenomenon, intensifying during times of crisis, elections, and social unrest. A significant amount of research has been focused on detecting or analyzing toxic content using machine-learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Gautam Kishore Shahi , Tim A. Majchrzak

The proliferation of hate speech on social media necessitates automated detection systems that balance accuracy with computational efficiency. This study evaluates 38 model configurations in detecting hate speech across datasets ranging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Mahmoud Abusaqer , Jamil Saquer , Hazim Shatnawi

With the high prevalence of offensive language against minorities in social media, counter-hate speeches (CHS) generation is considered an automatic way of tackling this challenge. The CHS is supposed to appear as a third voice to educate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Dana Alsagheer , Hadi Mansourifar , Weidong Shi

The spread of hate speech on social media space is currently a serious issue. The undemanding access to the enormous amount of information being generated on these platforms has led people to post and react with toxic content that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Abhishek Velankar , Hrushikesh Patil , Raviraj Joshi

In this work we propose a novel annotation scheme which factors hate speech into five separate discursive categories. To evaluate our scheme, we construct a corpus of over 2.9M Twitter posts containing hateful expressions directed at Jews,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Gal Ron , Effi Levi , Odelia Oshri , Shaul R. Shenhav

Hate speech and profanity detection suffer from data sparsity, especially for languages other than English, due to the subjective nature of the tasks and the resulting annotation incompatibility of existing corpora. In this study, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Vanessa Hahn , Dana Ruiter , Thomas Kleinbauer , Dietrich Klakow

Internet memes have become a powerful means for individuals to express emotions, thoughts, and perspectives on social media. While often considered as a source of humor and entertainment, memes can also disseminate hateful content targeting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Eftekhar Hossain , Omar Sharif , Mohammed Moshiul Hoque , Sarah M. Preum

Combating online hate speech in multilingual settings requires approaches that go beyond English-centric models and capture the cultural and linguistic diversity of global online discourse. This paper presents a comprehensive survey and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Zahra Safdari Fesaghandis , Suman Kalyan Maity

Counterspeech, i.e. the practice of responding to online hate speech, has gained traction in NLP as a promising intervention. While early work emphasised collaboration with non-governmental organisation stakeholders, recent research trends…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Tanvi Dinkar , Aiqi Jiang , Simona Frenda , Poppy Gerrard-Abbott , Nancie Gunson , Gavin Abercrombie , Ioannis Konstas

While social media has become an empowering agent to individual voices and freedom of expression, it also facilitates anti-social behaviors including online harassment, cyberbullying, and hate speech. In this paper, we present the first…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-04-13 Mai ElSherief , Shirin Nilizadeh , Dana Nguyen , Giovanni Vigna , Elizabeth Belding

With the widespread online social networks, hate speeches are spreading faster and causing more damage than ever before. Existing hate speech detection methods have limitations in several aspects, such as handling data insufficiency,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Guanyi Mou , Kyumin Lee

Online hate speech is a recent problem in our society that is rising at a steady pace by leveraging the vulnerabilities of the corresponding regimes that characterise most social media platforms. This phenomenon is primarily fostered by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Ioannis Mollas , Zoe Chrysopoulou , Stamatis Karlos , Grigorios Tsoumakas