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Related papers: Out-of-distribution Generalization with Causal Inv…

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Out-of-Distribution (OOD) Generalization aims to learn robust models that generalize well to various environments without fitting to distribution-specific features. Recent studies based on Lottery Ticket Hypothesis (LTH) address this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Zhuo Huang , Muyang Li , Li Shen , Jun Yu , Chen Gong , Bo Han , Tongliang Liu

Out-Of-Distribution generalization (OOD) is all about learning invariance against environmental changes. If the context in every class is evenly distributed, OOD would be trivial because the context can be easily removed due to an…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jiaxin Qi , Kaihua Tang , Qianru Sun , Xian-Sheng Hua , Hanwang Zhang

A fundamental challenge for machine learning models is generalizing to out-of-distribution (OOD) data, in part due to spurious correlations. To tackle this challenge, we first formalize the OOD generalization problem as constrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Hanlin Zhang , Yi-Fan Zhang , Weiyang Liu , Adrian Weller , Bernhard Schölkopf , Eric P. Xing

Modern foundation models exhibit remarkable out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization, solving tasks far beyond the support of their training data. However, the theoretical principles underpinning this phenomenon remain elusive. This paper…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-29 Jiawei Ge , Amanda Wang , Shange Tang , Chi Jin

The invariance principle from causality is at the heart of notable approaches such as invariant risk minimization (IRM) that seek to address out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization failures. Despite the promising theory, invariance…

Deep models often fail to generalize well in test domains when the data distribution differs from that in the training domain. Among numerous approaches to address this Out-of-Distribution (OOD) generalization problem, there has been a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Qixun Wang , Yifei Wang , Hong Zhu , Yisen Wang

Due to spurious correlations, machine learning systems often fail to generalize to environments whose distributions differ from the ones used at training time. Prior work addressing this, either explicitly or implicitly, attempted to find a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Chaochao Lu , Yuhuai Wu , Jośe Miguel Hernández-Lobato , Bernhard Schölkopf

Modern deep learning techniques have illustrated their excellent capabilities in many areas, but relies on large training data. Optimization-based meta-learning train a model on a variety tasks, such that it can solve new learning tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Penghao Jiang , Ke Xin , Zifeng Wang , Chunxi Li

In the past decades, machine learning with Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM) has demonstrated great capability in learning and exploiting the statistical patterns from data, or even surpassing humans. Despite the success, ERM avoids the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yongqiang Chen

Conventional supervised learning methods, especially deep ones, are found to be sensitive to out-of-distribution (OOD) examples, largely because the learned representation mixes the semantic factor with the variation factor due to their…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-02 Chang Liu , Xinwei Sun , Jindong Wang , Haoyue Tang , Tao Li , Tao Qin , Wei Chen , Tie-Yan Liu

The ability of an agent to do well in new environments is a critical aspect of intelligence. In machine learning, this ability is known as $\textit{strong}$ or $\textit{out-of-distribution}$ generalization. However, merely considering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Siyuan Guo , Jonas Wildberger , Bernhard Schölkopf

Out-of-distribution (O.O.D.) generalization remains to be a key challenge for real-world machine learning systems. We describe a method for O.O.D. generalization that, through training, encourages models to only preserve features in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Arjun Ashok , Chaitanya Devaguptapu , Vineeth Balasubramanian

Feature shaping refers to a family of methods that exhibit state-of-the-art performance for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection. These approaches manipulate the feature representation, typically from the penultimate layer of a pre-trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Qinyu Zhao , Ming Xu , Kartik Gupta , Akshay Asthana , Liang Zheng , Stephen Gould

Out-of-distribution generalization is a common problem that expects the model to perform well in the different distributions even far from the train data. A popular approach to addressing this issue is invariant learning (IL), in which the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Jiaqi Wang , Yuhang Zhou , Zhixiong Zhang , Qiguang Chen , Yongqiang Chen , James Cheng

Out-of-domain (OOD) generalization is a significant challenge for machine learning models. Many techniques have been proposed to overcome this challenge, often focused on learning models with certain invariance properties. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-13 Yoav Wald , Amir Feder , Daniel Greenfeld , Uri Shalit

Distribution shifts on graphs -- the data distribution discrepancies between training and testing a graph machine learning model, are often ubiquitous and unavoidable in real-world scenarios. Such shifts may severely deteriorate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Shuhan Liu , Kaize Ding

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization deals with the prevalent learning scenario where test distribution shifts from training distribution. With rising application demands and inherent complexity, graph OOD problems call for specialized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Xiner Li , Shurui Gui , Youzhi Luo , Shuiwang Ji

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalisation is challenging because it involves not only learning from empirical data, but also deciding among various notions of generalisation, e.g., optimising the average-case risk, worst-case risk, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Anurag Singh , Siu Lun Chau , Shahine Bouabid , Krikamol Muandet

Graph machine learning (GML) has been successfully applied across a wide range of tasks. Nonetheless, GML faces significant challenges in generalizing over out-of-distribution (OOD) data, which raises concerns about its wider applicability.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Jing Ma

Systematic, compositional generalization beyond the training distribution remains a core challenge in machine learning -- and a critical bottleneck for the emergent reasoning abilities of modern language models. This work investigates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Awni Altabaa , Siyu Chen , John Lafferty , Zhuoran Yang