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Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents are susceptible to adversarial noise in their observations that can mislead their policies and decrease their performance. However, an adversary may be interested not only in decreasing the reward,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Dennis Gross , Thiago D. Simao , Nils Jansen , Guillermo A. Perez

Atari games have been a long-standing benchmark in the reinforcement learning (RL) community for the past decade. This benchmark was proposed to test general competency of RL algorithms. Previous work has achieved good average performance…

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) policies are known to be vulnerable to adversarial perturbations to their observations, similar to adversarial examples for classifiers. However, an attacker is not usually able to directly modify another…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Adam Gleave , Michael Dennis , Cody Wild , Neel Kant , Sergey Levine , Stuart Russell

Reinforcement learning (RL) has seen great advancements in the past few years. Nevertheless, the consensus among the RL community is that currently used methods, despite all their benefits, suffer from extreme data inefficiency, especially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Kacper Kielak

We present DPIQN, a deep policy inference Q-network that targets multi-agent systems composed of controllable agents, collaborators, and opponents that interact with each other. We focus on one challenging issue in such systems---modeling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-10 Zhang-Wei Hong , Shih-Yang Su , Tzu-Yun Shann , Yi-Hsiang Chang , Chun-Yi Lee

Deep reinforcement learning algorithms often use two networks for value function optimization: an online network, and a target network that tracks the online network with some delay. Using two separate networks enables the agent to hedge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Kavosh Asadi , Rasool Fakoor , Omer Gottesman , Taesup Kim , Michael L. Littman , Alexander J. Smola

In this study, we investigate the performance of Deep Q-Networks utilizing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Transformer architectures across three different Atari games. The advent of DQNs has significantly advanced Reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 William A. Stigall

The recently introduced Deep Q-Networks (DQN) algorithm has gained attention as one of the first successful combinations of deep neural networks and reinforcement learning. Its promise was demonstrated in the Arcade Learning Environment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-04-25 Yitao Liang , Marlos C. Machado , Erik Talvitie , Michael Bowling

Recently, empowered with the powerful capabilities of neural networks, reinforcement learning (RL) has successfully tackled numerous challenging tasks. However, while these models demonstrate enhanced decision-making abilities, they are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Zhengpeng Xie , Yulong Zhang

We introduce two tactics to attack agents trained by deep reinforcement learning algorithms using adversarial examples, namely the strategically-timed attack and the enchanting attack. In the strategically-timed attack, the adversary aims…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Yen-Chen Lin , Zhang-Wei Hong , Yuan-Hong Liao , Meng-Li Shih , Ming-Yu Liu , Min Sun

We propose a new adversarial training approach for injecting robustness when designing controllers for upcoming cyber-physical power systems. Previous approaches relying deeply on simulations are not able to cope with the rising complexity…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-19 Loïc Omnes , Antoine Marot , Benjamin Donnot

In this paper we explore how actor-critic methods in deep reinforcement learning, in particular Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (A3C), can be extended with agent modeling. Inspired by recent works on representation learning and…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-07-24 Pablo Hernandez-Leal , Bilal Kartal , Matthew E. Taylor

Over the past decade, remarkable progress has been made in adopting deep neural networks to enhance the performance of conventional reinforcement learning. A notable milestone was the development of Deep Q-Networks (DQN), which achieved…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-14 Klinsmann Agyei , Pouria Sarhadi , Daniel Polani

To improve policy robustness of deep reinforcement learning agents, a line of recent works focus on producing disturbances of the environment. Existing approaches of the literature to generate meaningful disturbances of the environment are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Lucas Schott , Hatem Hajri , Sylvain Lamprier

The learning process of a reinforcement learning (RL) agent remains poorly understood beyond the mathematical formulation of its learning algorithm. To address this gap, we introduce attention-oriented metrics (ATOMs) to investigate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Charlotte Beylier , Simon M. Hofmann , Nico Scherf

In the last decade, deep learning has achieved great success in machine learning tasks where the input data is represented with different levels of abstractions. Driven by the recent research in reinforcement learning using deep neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Dejan Markovikj

Tennis strategy optimization is a challenging sequential decision-making problem involving hierarchical scoring, stochastic outcomes, long-horizon credit assignment, physical fatigue, and adaptation to opponent skill. I present a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Vishnu Mohan

Recently, there have been several high-profile achievements of agents learning to play games against humans and beat them. In this paper, we study the problem of training intelligent agents in service of game development. Unlike the agents…

Hanabi is a cooperative game that challenges exist-ing AI techniques due to its focus on modeling the mental states ofother players to interpret and predict their behavior. While thereare agents that can achieve near-perfect scores in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Rodrigo Canaan , Xianbo Gao , Youjin Chung , Julian Togelius , Andy Nealen , Stefan Menzel

In order perform a large variety of tasks and to achieve human-level performance in complex real-world environments, Artificial Intelligence (AI) Agents must be able to learn from their past experiences and gain both knowledge and an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-13 Andrei Claudiu Roibu