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This paper presents a scalable and adaptive control framework for legged robots that integrates Iterative Learning Control (ILC) with a biologically inspired torque library (TL), analogous to muscle memory. The proposed method addresses key…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jing Cheng , Yasser G. Alqaham , Zhenyu Gan , Amit K. Sanyal

The goal of this work is to enable a team of quadrotors to learn how to accurately track a desired trajectory while holding a given formation. We solve this problem in a distributed manner, where each vehicle has only access to the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2016-09-27 Andreas Hock , Angela P. Schoellig

Proximity operations of rigid bodies, such as spacecraft rendezvous and docking, require precise tracking of both position and attitude over finite time intervals. These operations are often repeated under uncertain conditions, with unknown…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-17 Fan Zhang , Deyuan Meng , Ying Tan

Many techniques have been developed for the loop-shaping method in control design. While most loop-shaping methods apply a model of the open-loop controlled plant, the resulting performance depends on the accuracy of the dynamical model.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-25 Li-Wei Shih , Cheng-Wei Chen

Iterative learning control (ILC) techniques are capable of improving the tracking performance of control systems that repeatedly perform similar tasks by utilizing data from past iterations. The aim of this paper is to design a systematic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-12 Tjeerd Ickenroth , Max van Haren , Johan Kon , Max van Meer , Jilles van hulst , Tom Oomen

Discrete-time domain Iterative Learning Control (ILC) schemes inspired by Repetitive control algorithms are proposed and analyzed. The well known relation between a discrete-time plant (filter) and its Markov Toeplitz matrix representation…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-08-12 K. Krishnamoorthy , Tsu-Chin Tsao

`Trackability', the ability of systems to follow arbitrary reference commands, is investigated in this work. Controllability is not useful in explaining the tracking behavior of system outputs, a gap that is often overlooked. Trackability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-17 Sujay D. Kadam , Harish J. Palanthandalam-Madapusi

Solving motion tasks autonomously and accurately is a core ability for intelligent real-world systems. To achieve genuine autonomy across multiple systems and tasks, key challenges include coping with unknown dynamics and overcoming the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-24 Jan-Hendrik Ewering , Alessandro Papa , Simon F. G. Ehlers , Thomas Seel , Michael Meindl

This paper proposes a robust control strategy that integrates Iterative Learning Control (ILC) with a simple lateral neural network to enhance the trajectory tracking performance of a linear Lorentz force actuator under friction and model…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-18 Ali Mashhadireza , Ali Sadighi

Iterative learning control has been successfully used for several decades to improve the performance of control systems that perform a single repeated task. Using information from prior control executions, learning controllers gradually…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Nitin R. Kapania , J. Christian Gerdes

A significant limitation of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is the stochastic uncertainty in actions generated during exploration-exploitation, which poses substantial safety risks during both training and deployment. In industrial…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Runze Lin , Ziqi Zhuo , Junghui Chen , Lei Xie , Hongye Su

Precise trajectory tracking for legged robots can be challenging due to their high degrees of freedom, unmodeled nonlinear dynamics, or random disturbances from the environment. A commonly adopted solution to overcome these challenges is to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Jing Cheng , Yasser G. Alqaham , Amit K. Sanyal , Zhenyu Gan

This paper considers the leader-follower tracking control problem for linear interconnected systems with undirected topology and linear dynamic coupling. Interactions between the systems are treated as linear dynamic uncertainty and are…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-02-17 Yi Cheng , V. Ugrinovskii

The stability and convergence of an Iterative Learning Controller (ILC) may be assessed either by directly iterating the equations for a variety of inputs, or by finding the eigenvalues of the iterated system, or by forming the Z-transform…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-22 Shane Rupert Koscielniak

This work investigates robust monotonic convergent iterative learning control (ILC) for uncertain linear systems in both time and frequency domains, and the ILC algorithm optimizing the convergence speed in terms of $l_{2}$ norm of error…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-19 Lanlan Su

Iterative learning control (ILC) is a method for reducing system tracking or estimation errors over multiple iterations by using information from past iterations. The disturbance observer (DOB) is used to estimate and mitigate disturbances…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Harsh Modi , Zhu Chen , Xiao Liang , Minghui Zheng

Controllability has become a crucial aspect of trustworthy machine learning, enabling learners to meet predefined targets and adapt dynamically at test time without requiring retraining as the targets shift. We provide a formal definition…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Chenglei Shen , Xiao Zhang , Teng Shi , Changshuo Zhang , Guofu Xie , Jun Xu

This paper studies data-driven iterative learning control (ILC) for linear time-invariant (LTI) systems with unknown dynamics, output disturbances and input box-constraints. Our main contributions are: 1) using a non-parametric data-driven…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-25 Jia Wang , Leander Hemelhof , Ivan Markovsky , Panagiotis Patrinos

Iterative Learning Control (ILC) enables high control performance through learning from measured data, using only limited model knowledge in the form of a nominal parametric model. Robust stability requires robustness to modeling errors,…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2020-03-30 Lennart Blanken , Tom Oomen

For data-driven iterative learning control (ILC) methods, both the model estimation and controller design problems are converted to parameter estimation problems for some chosen model structures. It is well-known that if the model order is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-08 Xian Yu , Xiaozhu Fang , Biqiang Mu , Tianshi Chen