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Code comments are important in software development because they directly influence software maintainability and overall quality. Bad practices of code comments lead to code comment smells, negatively impacting software maintenance. Recent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Ipek Oztas , U Boran Torun , Eray Tüzün

The learning and usage of an API is supported by official documentation. Like source code, API documentation is itself a software product. Several research results show that bad design in API documentation can make the reuse of API features…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-18 Junaed Younus Khan , Md. Tawkat Islam Khondaker , Gias Uddin , Anindya Iqbal

Object-oriented code smells are well-known concepts in software engineering that refer to bad design and development practices commonly observed in software systems. With the emergence of mobile apps, new classes of code smells have been…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Sarra Habchi , Naouel Moha , Romain Rouvoy

In this paper, we present a tertiary systematic literature review of previous surveys, secondary systematic literature reviews, and systematic mappings. We identify the main observations (what we know) and challenges (what we do not know)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Guilherme Lacerda , Fabio Petrillo , Marcelo Pimenta , Yann Gael Gueheneuc

Background. Architectural smells and code smells are symptoms of bad code or design that can cause different quality problems, such as faults, technical debt, or difficulties with maintenance and evolution. Some studies show that code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-04-29 Francesca Arcelli Fontanaa , Valentina Lenarduzzi , Riccardo Roveda , Davide Taibi

Effective software development relies on managing both collaboration and technology, but sociotechnical challenges can harm team dynamics and increase technical debt. Although teams working on ML enabled systems are interdisciplinary,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Giusy Annunziata , Stefano Lambiase , Fabio Palomba , Gemma Catolino , Filomena Ferrucci

Code smells are symptoms of potential code quality problems that may affect software maintainability, thus increasing development costs and impacting software reliability. Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Saymon Souza , Amanda Santana , Eduardo Figueiredo , Igor Muzetti , João Eduardo Montandon , Lionel Briand

Code smells represent sub-optimal implementation choices applied by developers when evolving software systems. The negative impact of code smells has been widely investigated in the past: besides developers' productivity and ability to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Gemma Catolino , Fabio Palomba , Francesca Arcelli Fontana , Andrea De Lucia , Andy Zaidman , Filomena Ferrucci

The ability of AI to sense and identify various substances based on their smell alone can have profound impacts on allergen detection (e.g. smelling gluten or peanuts in a cake), monitoring the manufacturing process, and sensing hormones…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Dewei Feng , Wei Dai , Carol Li , Alistair Pernigo , Yunge Wen , Paul Pu Liang

Developing test code may be a time-consuming task that usually requires much effort and cost, especially when it is done manually. Besides, during this process, developers and testers are likely to adopt bad design choices, which may lead…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-13 Nildo Silva Junior , Larissa Rocha , Luana Almeida Martins , Ivan Machado

Test smells are defined as sub-optimal design choices developers make when implementing test cases. Hence, similar to code smells, the research community has produced numerous test smell detection tools to investigate the impact of test…

Spreadsheet users are often unaware of the risks imposed by poorly designed spreadsheets. One way to assess spreadsheet quality is to detect smells which attempt to identify parts of spreadsheets that are hard to comprehend or maintain and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-10-11 Patrick Koch , Birgit Hofer , Franz Wotawa

AI coding assistants are now widely used in software development. Software developers increasingly integrate AI-generated code into their codebases to improve productivity. Prior studies have shown that AI-generated code may contain code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yue Liu , Ratnadira Widyasari , Yanjie Zhao , Ivana Clairine Irsan , Junkai Chen , David Lo

Background: Defect prediction in software can be highly beneficial for development projects, when prediction is highly effective and defect-prone areas are predicted correctly. One of the key elements to gain effective software defect…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-03-21 Jarosław Hryszko , Lech Madeyski , Marta Dąbrowska , Piotr Konopka

Issue Tracking Systems (ITSs) enable software developers and managers to collect and resolve issues collaboratively. While researchers have extensively analysed ITS data to automate or assist specific activities such as issue assignments,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Lloyd Montgomery , Clara Lüders , Christian Rahe , Walid Maalej

Bad requirements quality can cause expensive consequences during the software development lifecycle, especially if iterations are long and feedback comes late. %-- the faster a problem is found, the cheaper it is to fix. This makes explicit…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-11-29 H. Femmer , D. Méndez Fernández , S. Wagner , S. Eder

The rapid adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly realised through Machine Learning (ML) pipelines that integrate data preprocessing, model training, evaluation scripts, and configuration-heavy experimentation code. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Brahim Mahmoudi , Naouel Moha , Quentin Stiévenart , Florent Avellaneda

The common use case of code smells assumes causality: Identify a smell, remove it, and by doing so improve the code. We empirically investigate their fitness to this use. We present a list of properties that code smells should have if they…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Idan Amit , Nili Ben Ezra , Dror G. Feitelson

During software development, poor design and implementation choices can detrimentally impact software maintainability. Design smells, recurring patterns of poorly designed fragments, signify these issues. Role-stereotypes denote the generic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Daniel Ogenrwot , Joyce Nakatumba-Nabende , John Businge , Michel R. V. Chaudron

Context: Social debt describes the accumulation of unforeseen project costs (or potential costs) from sub-optimal software development processes. Community smells are sociotechnical anti-patterns and one source of social debt that impact…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Eduardo Cabllero-Espinosa , Jeffrey C. Carver , Kimberly Stowers