Related papers: Runaway electron generation during tokamak start-u…
When an electron emitting tip is subjected to very high electric fields, plasma forms even under ultra high vacuum conditions. This phenomenon, known as vacuum arc, causes catastrophic surface modifications and constitutes a major limiting…
Runaway electron loads onto material structures are a major concern for future large tokamaks due to the efficient avalanching at high plasma currents. Here, we perform predictive studies using the JOREK code for a plausible plasma…
Improved understanding of runaway-electron formation and decay processes are of prime interest for the safe operation of large tokamaks, and the dynamics of the runaway electrons during dynamical scenarios such as disruptions are of…
The transition of the Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility from its initial commissioning phase (Day-0, plasma current $I_{p}=2$ MA) to the full power scenario ($I_{p}=5.5$ MA) introduces a critical shift in the dynamics of runaway…
Steering tokamak plasmas is commonly viewed as a way to avoid disruptions and runaway electrons. Plasma steering sounds as safe as driving to work but will be shown to more closely resemble driving at high speed through a dense fog on an…
Runaways are suprathermal electrons having sufficiently high energy to be continuously accelerated up to tens of MeV by a driving electric field [1]. Highly energetic runaway electron (RE) beams capable of damaging the tokamak first wall…
Beams of energetic runaway electrons are generated during disruptions in tokamaks, and fluid models are used to study their effects on macroscale dynamics. Linear computations of a massless, runaway electron beam coupled to MHD plasma show…
This Roadmap article addresses the critical and multifaceted challenge of plasma-facing component (PFC) damage caused by runaway electrons (REs) in tokamaks, a phenomenon that poses a significant threat to the viability and longevity of…
In the event of a tokamak disruption in a D-T plasma, fusion-born alpha particles take several milliseconds longer to thermalise than the background. As the damping rates drop drastically following the several orders of magnitudes drop of…
One of the critical challenges in future high current tokamaks is the avoidance of runaway electrons during disruptions. Here, we investigate disruptions mitigated with combined deuterium and noble gas injection in SPARC. We use…
For ITER-relevant runaway electron studies, such as suppression, mitigation, termination and/or control of runaway beam, obtaining the runaway electrons after the disruption is important. In this paper we report on the first achieved…
Nonlinear dynamics of runaway electron induced wave instabilities can significantly modify the runaway distribution critical to tokamak operations. Here we present the first-ever fully kinetic simulations of runaway-driven instabilities…
The formation of a substantial post-disruption runaway electron current in ASDEX Upgrade material injection experiments is determined by avalanche multiplication of a small seed population of runaway electrons. For the investigation of…
In high-current tokamak devices such as ITER, a runaway avalanche can cause a large amplification of a seed electron population. We show that disruption mitigation by impurity injection may significantly increase the runaway avalanche…
Relativistic runaway electrons are a major concern in tokamaks. The European framework for Integrated Modelling (EU-IM), facilitates the integration of different plasma simulation tools by providing a standard data structure for…
Runaway electrons (REs) present a high-priority issue for ITER but little is known about the extent to which RE generation is affected by the stochastic field intrinsic to disrupting plasmas. RE generation can be modelled with reduced…
Runaway electrons (REs) generated during disruption events in tokamaks can carry mega-Ampere level currents, potentially causing damage to plasma-facing components. Understanding RE evolution during disruption events is important for…
Edge localized modes (ELMs) and runaway electrons (REs) pose significant challenges for all Tokamak devices and act as potent heat sources, potentially shortening the lifespan of plasma-facing materials (PFMs). These thermal loads can…
This study systematically explores the parameter space of disruption mitigation through shattered pellet injection in ITER with a focus on runaway electron dynamics, using the disruption modelling tool DREAM. The physics fidelity is…
When simulating runaway electron dynamics in tokamak disruptions, fluid models with lower numerical cost are often preferred to more accurate kinetic models. The aim of this work is to compare fluid and kinetic simulations of a large…