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We initiate a systematic study of triplets of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs). We show that in $\mathbb{C}^d$ each MUB-triplet is characterized by a $d\times d\times d$ object that we call a Hadamard cube. We describe the basic properties of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-22 Máte Matolcsi , Ákos K. Matszangosz , Dániel Varga , Mihály Weiner

There has been great interest in finding sets of $m$ mutually unbiased bases which are compatible with a given space $\mathbb{C}^d$, specially in physics due to their interesting applications in quantum information theory. Several general…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-01-08 J. Batle

The structural characterization of high-dimensional mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) by classifying MUBs subsets remains a major open problem. The existing methods not only fail to conclude on the exact classification, but also are severely…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-05 Jianxin Song , Zhen-Peng Xu , Changliang Ren

The density matrix of a qudit may be reconstructed with optimal efficiency if the expectation values of a specific set of observables are known. In dimension six, the required observables only exist if it is possible to identify six…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-02-08 Stephen Brierley , Stefan Weigert

All complex Hadamard matrices in dimensions two to five are known. We use this fact to derive all inequivalent sets of mutually unbiased (MU) bases in low dimensions. We find a three-parameter family of triples of MU bases in dimension four…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2010-08-09 Stephen Brierley , Stefan Weigert , Ingemar Bengtsson

A long-standing open problem asks if there can exist 7 mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) in $\mathbb{C}^6$, or, more generally, $d + 1$ MUBs in $\mathbb{C}^d$ for any $d$ that is not a prime power. The recent work of Kolountzakis, Matolcsi,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-03-01 Afonso S. Bandeira , Nikolaus Doppelbauer , Dmitriy Kunisky

We generalize the concept of mutually unbiased bases (MUB) to measurements which are not necessarily described by rank one projectors. As such, these measurements can be a useful tool to study the long standing problem of the existence of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-18 Amir Kalev , Gilad Gour

A set of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) is said to be unextendible if there does not exist another basis that is unbiased with respect to the given set. Here, we prove the existence of smaller sets of MUBs in prime-squared dimensions…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-08-25 Vishakh Hegde , Prabha Mandayam

We outline a discretization approach to determine the maximal number of mutually unbiased bases in dimension 6. We describe the basic ideas and introduce the most important definitions to tackle this famous open problem which has been open…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2012-01-04 Philippe Jaming , Mate Matolcsi , Peter Mora

We develop a strong connection between maximally commuting bases of orthogonal unitary matrices and mutually unbiased bases. A necessary condition of the existence of mutually unbiased bases for any finite dimension is obtained. Then a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Somshubhro Bandyopadhyay , P. Oscar Boykin , Vwani Roychowdhury , Farrokh Vatan

In a quantum system having a finite number $N$ of orthogonal states, two orthonormal bases $\{a_i\}$ and $\{b_j\}$ are called mutually unbiased if all inner products $<a_i|b_j>$ have the same modulus $1/\sqrt{N}$. This concept appears in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Claude archer

In quantum information, complementarity of quantum mechanical observables plays a key role. If a system resides in an eigenstate of an observable, the probability distribution for the values of a complementary observable is flat. The…

The concept of mutually unbiased bases is studied for N pairs of continuous variables. To find mutually unbiased bases reduces, for specific states related to the Heisenberg-Weyl group, to a problem of symplectic geometry. Given a single…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Stefan Weigert , Michael Wilkinson

In dimension $d$, Mutually Unbiased Bases (MUBs) are a collection of orthonormal bases over $\mathbb{C}^d$ such that for any two vectors $v_1, v_2$ belonging to different bases, the scalar product $|\braket{v_1|v_2}| = \frac{1}{\sqrt{d}}$.…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Ajeet Kumar , Subhamoy Maitra , Somjit Roy

We present a systematic method to introduce free parameters in sets of mutually unbiased bases. In particular, we demonstrate that any set of m real mutually unbiased bases in dimension N>2 admits the introduction of (m-1)N/2 free…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-19 Dardo Goyeneche , Santiago Gomez

Mutually Unbiased Bases (MUBs) constitute a fundamental geometric structure in quantum theory, known for providing an optimal measurement scheme for quantum state tomography. In prime and prime-power dimensions, analytical constructions of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Buğra Gültekin , Solomon B. Samuel , Zafer Gedik

We present a detailed computational and algebraic study of Mutually Unbiased Bases (MUBs) in finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces, with a particular focus on dimensions 2, 3, 4, and the challenging case of 6. Starting from the Hadamard-phase…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Jean-Christophe Pain

In order to describe the right setting to handle Zauner's conjecture on mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) (saying that in $\mathbb{C}^d$, a set of MUBs of the theoretical maximal size $d + 1$ exists only if $d$ is a prime power), we pose some…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-12 Koen Thas

Mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) play a key role in many protocols in quantum science, such as quantum key distribution. However, defining MUBs for arbitrary high-dimensional systems is theoretically difficult, and measurements in such bases…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-03 D. Giovannini , J. Romero , J. Leach , A. Dudley , A. Forbes , M. J. Padgett

In quantum mechanics, mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) represent orthonormal bases that are as "far apart" as possible, and their classification reveals rich underlying geometric structure. Given a complex inner product space, we construct…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-08-22 Amit Te'eni , Eliahu Cohen