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Evaluating natural language generation (NLG) is a vital but challenging problem in natural language processing. Traditional evaluation metrics mainly capturing content (e.g. n-gram) overlap between system outputs and references are far from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Mingqi Gao , Xinyu Hu , Jie Ruan , Xiao Pu , Xiaojun Wan

Automatic metrics are essential for developing natural language generation (NLG) models, particularly for open-ended language generation tasks such as story generation. However, existing automatic metrics are observed to correlate poorly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-20 Jian Guan , Zhexin Zhang , Zhuoer Feng , Zitao Liu , Wenbiao Ding , Xiaoxi Mao , Changjie Fan , Minlie Huang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language generation. However, their output quality can be inconsistent, posing challenges for generating natural language from logical forms (LFs). This task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Levon Haroutunian , Zhuang Li , Lucian Galescu , Philip Cohen , Raj Tumuluri , Gholamreza Haffari

In recent years, large neural networks for natural language generation (NLG) have made leaps and bounds in their ability to generate fluent text. However, the tasks of evaluating quality differences between NLG systems and understanding how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Liam Dugan , Daphne Ippolito , Arun Kirubarajan , Chris Callison-Burch

In the rapidly evolving domain of Natural Language Generation (NLG) evaluation, introducing Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened new avenues for assessing generated content quality, e.g., coherence, creativity, and context relevance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Zhen Li , Xiaohan Xu , Tao Shen , Can Xu , Jia-Chen Gu , Yuxuan Lai , Chongyang Tao , Shuai Ma

Response diversity has become an important criterion for evaluating the quality of open-domain dialogue generation models. However, current evaluation metrics for response diversity often fail to capture the semantic diversity of generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Seungju Han , Beomsu Kim , Buru Chang

Natural language generation (NLG) is a critical component of spoken dialogue and it has a significant impact both on usability and perceived quality. Most NLG systems in common use employ rules and heuristics and tend to generate rigid and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-08-27 Tsung-Hsien Wen , Milica Gasic , Nikola Mrksic , Pei-Hao Su , David Vandyke , Steve Young

This paper presents an automatic method to evaluate the naturalness of natural language generation in dialogue systems. While this task was previously rendered through expensive and time-consuming human labor, we present this novel task of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Ye Liu , Wolfgang Maier , Wolfgang Minker , Stefan Ultes

Natural Language Inference is an important task for Natural Language Understanding. It is concerned with classifying the logical relation between two sentences. In this paper, we propose several text generative neural networks for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-03-28 Janez Starc , Dunja Mladenić

As Natural Language Generation (NLG) continues to be widely adopted, properly assessing it has become quite difficult. Lately, using large language models (LLMs) for evaluating these generations has gained traction, as they tend to align…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Rajarshi Haldar , Julia Hockenmaier

Many Natural Language Generation (NLG) tasks aim to generate a single output text given an input prompt. Other settings require the generation of multiple texts, e.g., for Synthetic Traffic Generation (STG). This generation task is crucial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Simone Filice , Jason Ingyu Choi , Giuseppe Castellucci , Eugene Agichtein , Oleg Rokhlenko

We address a fundamental challenge in Natural Language Generation (NLG) model evaluation -- the design and evaluation of evaluation metrics. Recognizing the limitations of existing automatic metrics and noises from how current human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Ziang Xiao , Susu Zhang , Vivian Lai , Q. Vera Liao

Evaluation metrics that are not robust to dialect variation make it impossible to tell how well systems perform for many groups of users, and can even penalize systems for producing text in lower-resource dialects. However, currently, there…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Jiao Sun , Thibault Sellam , Elizabeth Clark , Tu Vu , Timothy Dozat , Dan Garrette , Aditya Siddhant , Jacob Eisenstein , Sebastian Gehrmann

Automatic evaluation of semantic rationality is an important yet challenging task, and current automatic techniques cannot well identify whether a sentence is semantically rational. The methods based on the language model do not measure the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-12 Shu Liu , Jingjing Xu , Xuancheng Ren , Xu Sun

Text generation is an important Natural Language Processing task with various applications. Although several metrics have already been introduced to evaluate the text generation methods, each of them has its own shortcomings. The most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-22 Ehsan Montahaei , Danial Alihosseini , Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah

Natural Language Generation (NLG) evaluation is a multifaceted task requiring assessment of multiple desirable criteria, e.g., fluency, coherency, coverage, relevance, adequacy, overall quality, etc. Across existing datasets for 6 NLG…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Ananya B. Sai , Tanay Dixit , Dev Yashpal Sheth , Sreyas Mohan , Mitesh M. Khapra

A number of automatic evaluation metrics have been proposed for natural language generation systems. The most common approach to automatic evaluation is the use of a reference-based metric that compares the model's output with gold-standard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Takumi Ito , Kees van Deemter , Jun Suzuki

LLMs are powerful generators of synthetic data, which are used for training smaller, specific models. This is especially valuable for low-resource languages, where human-labelled data is scarce but LLMs can still produce high-quality text.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Jan Cegin , Branislav Pecher , Ivan Srba , Jakub Simko

Natural Language Generation (NLG) has made great progress in recent years due to the development of deep learning techniques such as pre-trained language models. This advancement has resulted in more fluent, coherent and even properties…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Wei Li , Wenhao Wu , Moye Chen , Jiachen Liu , Xinyan Xiao , Hua Wu