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Centralized Training for Decentralized Execution, where agents are trained offline using centralized information but execute in a decentralized manner online, has gained popularity in the multi-agent reinforcement learning community. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-06 Xueguang Lyu , Yuchen Xiao , Brett Daley , Christopher Amato

This paper addresses the challenge of decentralized task allocation within heterogeneous multi-agent systems operating under communication constraints. We introduce a novel framework that integrates graph neural networks (GNNs) with a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Lavanya Ratnabala , Aleksey Fedoseev , Robinroy Peter , Dzmitry Tsetserukou

Test-time scaling (TTS) has emerged as a promising, training-free approach for enhancing large language model (LLM) performance. However, the efficacy of existing methods, such as Best-of-N and Self-Consistency, is fundamentally constrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhende Song , Shengji Tang , Peng Ye , Jiayuan Fan , Lei Bai , Tao Chen , Wanli Ouyang

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has gained significant interest in recent years, enabling sequential decision-making across multiple agents in various domains. However, most existing explanation methods focus on centralized MARL,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Kayla Boggess , Sarit Kraus , Lu Feng

Reinforcement learning (RL) emerges as a promising data-driven approach for adaptive traffic signal control (ATSC) in complex urban traffic networks, with deep neural networks substantially augmenting its learning capabilities. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yuli Zhang , Shangbo Wang , Dongyao Jia , Pengfei Fan , Ruiyuan Jiang , Hankang Gu , Andy H. F. Chow

The number of agents can be an effective curriculum variable for controlling the difficulty of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) tasks. Existing work typically uses manually defined curricula such as linear schemes. We identify two…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Wenshuai Zhao , Zhiyuan Li , Joni Pajarinen

As a data-driven approach, multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has made remarkable advances in solving cooperative residential load scheduling problems. However, centralized training, the most common paradigm for MARL, limits…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Zhaoming Qin , Nanqing Dong , Di Liu , Zhefan Wang , Junwei Cao

Centralized value learning is often assumed to improve coordination and stability in multi-agent reinforcement learning, yet this assumption is rarely tested under controlled conditions. We directly evaluate it in a fully tabular…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Muhammad Ahmed Atif , Nehal Naeem Haji , Mohammad Shahid Shaikh , Muhammad Ebad Atif

We introduce hybrid execution in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), a new paradigm in which agents aim to successfully complete cooperative tasks with arbitrary communication levels at execution time by taking advantage of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Pedro P. Santos , Diogo S. Carvalho , Miguel Vasco , Alberto Sardinha , Pedro A. Santos , Ana Paiva , Francisco S. Melo

While Centralized Training with Decentralized Execution (CTDE) has become the prevailing paradigm in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), it may not be suitable for scenarios in which agents can fully communicate and share…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Chenxing Liu , Guizhong Liu

In edge computing systems, autonomous agents must make fast local decisions while competing for shared resources. Existing MARL methods often resume to centralized critics or frequent communication, which fail under limited observability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Andrea Fox , Francesco De Pellegrini , Eitan Altman

Efficient exploration strategy is one of essential issues in cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms requiring complex coordination. In this study, we introduce a new exploration method with the strangeness that can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Ju-Bong Kim , Ho-Bin Choi , Youn-Hee Han

We present the Classroom Technology Deployment Matrix (CTDM), a tool for high-level Planning, Monitoring, Evaluating and Reporting of classroom deployments of educational technologies, enabling researchers, teachers and schools to work…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Philip Heslop , Ahmed Kharrufa , Madeline Balaam , David Leat

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning is a powerful tool to solve many real-world cooperative tasks, but restrictions of real-world applications may require training the agents in a fully decentralized manner. Due to the lack of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Jiechuan Jiang , Kefan Su , Zongqing Lu

Stripe-like space target detection (SSTD) is crucial for space situational awareness. Traditional unsupervised methods often fail in low signal-to-noise ratio and variable stripe-like space targets scenarios, leading to weak generalization.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Zijian Zhu , Ali Zia , Xuesong Li , Bingbing Dan , Yuebo Ma , Hongfeng Long , Kaili Lu , Enhai Liu , Rujin Zhao

In recent years, Model-based Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has demonstrated significant advantages over model-free methods in terms of sample efficiency by using independent environment dynamics world models for data sample…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Zifeng Shi , Meiqin Liu , Senlin Zhang , Ronghao Zheng , Shanling Dong , Ping Wei

In cooperative multi-agent tasks, a team of agents jointly interact with an environment by taking actions, receiving a team reward and observing the next state. During the interactions, the uncertainty of environment and reward will…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Jian Zhao , Mingyu Yang , Youpeng Zhao , Xunhan Hu , Wengang Zhou , Jiangcheng Zhu , Houqiang Li

In many real-world tasks, multiple agents must learn to coordinate with each other given their private observations and limited communication ability. Deep multiagent reinforcement learning (Deep-MARL) algorithms have shown superior…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Yaodong Yang , Jianye Hao , Ben Liao , Kun Shao , Guangyong Chen , Wulong Liu , Hongyao Tang

Centralized training with decentralized execution (CTDE) is a standard framework for cooperative multi-agent policy-gradient reinforcement learning, allowing agents to learn from joint information while acting from local observations.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Chulabhaya Wijesundara , Andrea Baisero , Zhongheng Li , Gregory Castañón , Alan Carlin , Christopher Amato

A challenge in reinforcement learning (RL) is minimizing the cost of sampling associated with exploration. Distributed exploration reduces sampling complexity in multi-agent RL (MARL). We investigate the benefits to performance in MARL when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Justin Lidard , Udari Madhushani , Naomi Ehrich Leonard