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Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the natural language processing paradigm but impose substantial demands on memory and computational resources. Quantization is one of the most effective ways to reduce memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Xilong Xie , Liang Wang , Limin Xiao , Meng Han , Lin Sun , Shuai Zheng , Xiangrong Xu

Due to the high memory and computational costs associated with large language models (LLMs), model compression techniques such as quantization, which reduces inference costs, and parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods like Low-Rank…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Hyesung Jeon , Yulhwa Kim , Jae-joon Kim

Large language models (LLMs) require immense resources for training and inference. Quantization, a technique that reduces the precision of model parameters, offers a promising solution for improving LLM efficiency and sustainability. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Jacob Nielsen , Peter Schneider-Kamp , Lukas Galke

Neural networks have demonstrably achieved state-of-the art accuracy using low-bitlength integer quantization, yielding both execution time and energy benefits on existing hardware designs that support short bitlengths. However, the…

Despite the achievements of recent binarization methods on reducing the performance degradation of Binary Neural Networks (BNNs), gradient mismatching caused by the Straight-Through-Estimator (STE) still dominates quantized networks. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-11 Junjie Liu , Dongchao Wen , Deyu Wang , Wei Tao , Tse-Wei Chen , Kinya Osa , Masami Kato

Post-training quantization (PTQ) has evolved as a prominent solution for compressing complex models, which advocates a small calibration dataset and avoids end-to-end retraining. However, most existing PTQ methods employ block-wise…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Changjun Li , Runqing Jiang , Zhuo Song , Pengpeng Yu , Ye Zhang , Yulan Guo

Quantizing a floating-point neural network to its fixed-point representation is crucial for Learned Image Compression (LIC) because it improves decoding consistency for interoperability and reduces space-time complexity for implementation.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-10 Junqi Shi , Ming Lu , Zhan Ma

Although considerable progress has been obtained in neural network quantization for efficient inference, existing methods are not scalable to heterogeneous devices as one dedicated model needs to be trained, transmitted, and stored for one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Hai Wu , Ruifei He , Haoru Tan , Xiaojuan Qi , Kaibin Huang

Quantization scale and bit-width are the most important parameters when considering how to quantize a neural network. Prior work focuses on optimizing quantization scales in a global manner through gradient methods (gradient descent \&…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Natalia Frumkin , Dibakar Gope , Diana Marculescu

We study the problem of training and certifying adversarially robust quantized neural networks (QNNs). Quantization is a technique for making neural networks more efficient by running them using low-bit integer arithmetic and is therefore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Mathias Lechner , Đorđe Žikelić , Krishnendu Chatterjee , Thomas A. Henzinger , Daniela Rus

Post-training quantization of Large Language Models (LLMs) has proven effective in reducing the memory and computational requirements for inference. In this study, we focus on a straightforward question: When aiming for a target accuracy or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Zeyu Cao , Boyang Gu , Cheng Zhang , Pedro Gimenes , Jianqiao Lu , Jianyi Cheng , Xitong Gao , Yiren Zhao

Recently, transformer has achieved remarkable performance on a variety of computer vision applications. Compared with mainstream convolutional neural networks, vision transformers are often of sophisticated architectures for extracting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Zhenhua Liu , Yunhe Wang , Kai Han , Siwei Ma , Wen Gao

LIDAR 3D object detection is one of the important tasks for autonomous vehicles. Ensuring that this task operates in real-time is crucial. Toward this, model quantization can be used to accelerate the runtime. However, directly applying…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ninnart Fuengfusin , Keisuke Yoneda , Naoki Suganuma

Deep neural network quantization with adaptive bitwidths has gained increasing attention due to the ease of model deployment on various platforms with different resource budgets. In this paper, we propose a meta-learning approach to achieve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-22 Jiseok Youn , Jaehun Song , Hyung-Sin Kim , Saewoong Bahk

Large language models can be quantized to reduce inference time latency, model size, and energy consumption, thereby delivering a better user experience at lower cost. A challenge exists to deliver quantized models with minimal loss of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Steven K. Esser , Jeffrey L. McKinstry , Deepika Bablani , Rathinakumar Appuswamy , Dharmendra S. Modha

Quantization of neural networks provides benefits of inference in less compute and memory requirements. Previous work in quantization lack two important aspects which this work provides. First almost all previous work in quantization used a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Zia Badar

Currently, deep neural networks are deployed on low-power portable devices by first training a full-precision model using powerful hardware, and then deriving a corresponding low-precision model for efficient inference on such systems.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-15 Hao Li , Soham De , Zheng Xu , Christoph Studer , Hanan Samet , Tom Goldstein

Large Language and Vision Models using a Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture pose significant challenges for deployment due to their computational and memory demands. Mixed Precision Quantization assigns different precisions to different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Krishna Teja Chitty-Venkata , Jie Ye , Murali Emani

We introduce a method to train Quantized Neural Networks (QNNs) --- neural networks with extremely low precision (e.g., 1-bit) weights and activations, at run-time. At train-time the quantized weights and activations are used for computing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-09-23 Itay Hubara , Matthieu Courbariaux , Daniel Soudry , Ran El-Yaniv , Yoshua Bengio

In the era of large language models (LLMs), weight-activation quantization helps fit models on edge device by reducing memory and compute bit-widths. However, three challenges persist for energy constrained hardware: (1) even after…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Chenyu Wang , Zhanglu Yan , Zhi Zhou , Xu Chen , Weng-Fai Wong