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Dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) aim to formalize personalized medicine by tailoring treatment decisions to individual patient characteristics. G-estimation for DTR identification targets the parameters of a structural nested mean model…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-04-27 M. P. Wallace , E. E. M. Moodie , D. A. Stephens

Large health care data repositories such as electronic health records (EHR) open new opportunities to derive individualized treatment strategies for complicated diseases such as sepsis. In this paper, we consider the problem of estimating…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-10-03 Nilanjana Laha , Aaron Sonabend-W , Rajarshi Mukherjee , Tianxi Cai

Dynamic treatment regimens (DTRs), also known as treatment algorithms or adaptive interventions, play an increasingly important role in many health domains. DTRs are motivated to address the unique and changing needs of individuals by…

Precision medicine incorporates patient-level covariates to tailor treatment decisions, seeking to improve outcomes. In longitudinal studies with time-varying covariates and sequential treatment decisions, precision medicine can be…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-05 Dylan Spicker , Michael Wallace

Sequential multiple assignment randomized trials (SMARTs) are used to construct data-driven optimal intervention strategies for subjects based on their intervention and covariate histories in different branches of health and behavioral…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-28 Palash Ghosh , Xiaoxi Yan , Bibhas Chakraborty

Studies often report estimates of the average treatment effect. While the ATE summarizes the effect of a treatment on average, it does not provide any information about the effect of treatment within any individual. A treatment strategy…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-13 Nicholas T. Williams , Katherine L. Hoffman Iván Díaz , Kara E. Rudolph

Precision medicine aims to tailor treatment decisions according to patients' characteristics. G-estimation and dynamic weighted ordinary least squares (dWOLS) are double robust statistical methods that can be used to identify optimal…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-10 Denis Talbot , Erica EM Moodie , Caroline Diorio

The field of precision medicine aims to tailor treatment based on patient-specific factors in a reproducible way. To this end, estimating an optimal individualized treatment regime (ITR) that recommends treatment decisions based on patient…

The Regression Discontinuity (RD) design is a quasi-experimental design which emulates a randomised study by exploiting situations where treatment is assigned according to a continuous variable as is common in many drug treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-07-28 Sara Geneletti , Federico Ricciardi , Aidan O'Keeffe , Gianluca Baio

We consider Dynamic Treatment Regimes (DTRs) with One Sided Noncompliance that arise in applications such as digital recommendations and adaptive medical trials. These are settings where decision makers encourage individuals to take…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-05-06 Ravi B. Sojitra , Vasilis Syrgkanis

Estimating dynamic treatment effects is a crucial endeavor in causal inference, particularly when confronted with high-dimensional confounders. Doubly robust (DR) approaches have emerged as promising tools for estimating treatment effects…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-17 Jelena Bradic , Weijie Ji , Yuqian Zhang

Dynamic treatment regimes are sequential decision rules that adapt treatment according to individual time-varying characteristics and outcomes to achieve optimal effects, with applications in precision medicine, personalized…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-24 Yuanshan Gao , Yang Bai , Yifan Cui

The vision for precision medicine is to use individual patient characteristics to inform a personalized treatment plan that leads to the best healthcare possible for each patient. Mobile technologies have an important role to play in this…

Heterogeneous treatment effect estimation in high-stakes applications demands models that simultaneously optimize precision, interpretability, and calibration. Many existing tree-based causal inference techniques, however, exhibit high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Yichen Liu

Establishing causality is a fundamental goal in fields like medicine and social sciences. While randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for causal inference, they are not always feasible or ethical. Observational studies can…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-12-03 Andrew Ying

Truncation by death, a prevalent challenge in critical care, renders traditional dynamic treatment regime (DTR) evaluation inapplicable due to ill-defined potential outcomes. We introduce a principal stratification-based method, focusing on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-10 Sihyung Park , Wenbin Lu , Shu Yang

In the presence of heterogeneity between the randomized controlled trial (RCT) participants and the target population, evaluating the treatment effect solely based on the RCT often leads to biased quantification of the real-world treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-05 Dasom Lee , Shu Yang , Xiaofei Wang

An optimal dynamic treatment regime (DTR) consists of a sequence of decision rules in maximizing long-term benefits, which is applicable for chronic diseases such as HIV infection or cancer. In this paper, we develop a novel angle-based…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-01-15 Fei Xue , Yanqing Zhang , Wenzhuo Zhou , Haoda Fu , Annie Qu

To infer the treatment effect for a single treated unit using panel data, synthetic control methods construct a linear combination of control units' outcomes that mimics the treated unit's pre-treatment outcome trajectory. This linear…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-07 Hongxiang Qiu , Xu Shi , Wang Miao , Edgar Dobriban , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

A dynamic treatment regime is a sequence of decision rules in which each decision rule recommends treatment based on features of patient medical history such as past treatments and outcomes. Existing methods for estimating optimal dynamic…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-05-22 Kristin A. Linn , Eric B. Laber , Leonard A. Stefanski