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Correctly characterizing state preparation and measurement (SPAM) processes is a necessary step towards building reliable quantum processing units (QPUs). In this work, we discuss the subtleties behind separately measuring SPAM errors. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-03 Junan Lin , Joel J. Wallman , Ian Hincks , Raymond Laflamme

State preparation and measurement (SPAM) errors limit the performance of near-term quantum computers and their potential for practical application. SPAM errors are partly correctable after a calibration step that requires, for a complete…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-10 Michael R. Geller , Mingyu Sun

In many platforms, errors from state-preparation and measurement (SPAM) dominate single-qubit gate errors. To inform further hardware improvements and the development of more effective SPAM mitigation strategies, it is necessary to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Muhammad Qasim Khan , Leigh M. Norris , Lorenza Viola

Heat-bath algorithmic cooling (HBAC) provides algorithmic ways to improve the purity of quantum states. These techniques are complex iterative processes that change from each iteration to the next and this poses a significant challenge to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-12 Sadegh Raeisi , Mária Kieferová , Michele Mosca

We have performed an experiment demonstrating that loop state-preparation-and-measurement (SPAM) tomography [C. Jackson and S. J. van Enk, Phys. Rev. A 92, 042312 (2015)] is capable of detecting correlated errors between the preparation and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-21 A. F. McCormick , S. J. van Enk , M. Beck

State preparation and measurement (SPAM) errors limit the performance of many gate-based quantum computing architecures, but are partly correctable after a calibration step that requires, for an exact implementation on a register of $n$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-16 Mingyu Sun , Michael R. Geller

Heat-Bath Algorithmic Cooling techniques (HBAC) are techniques that are used to purify a target element in a quantum system. These methods compress and transfer entropy away from the target element into auxiliary elements of the system. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-23 Zahra Farahmand , Reyhaneh Aghaei Saem , Sadegh Raeisi

In this work, we experimentally demonstrate the implementation of a recently proposed robust and state-independent heat-bath algorithmic cooling (HBAC) method [1] on an NMR quantum processor. While HBAC methods improve the purity of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-05 Krishna Shende , Arvind , Kavita Dorai

Quantum tomography is currently ubiquitous for testing any implementation of a quantum information processing device. Various sophisticated procedures for state and process reconstruction from measured data are well developed and benefit…

We experimentally demonstrate that loop state-preparation-and-measurement (SPAM) tomography is capable of detecting correlated errors in a two-qubit system. We prepare photon pairs in a state that approximates a Werner state, which may or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-11 M. E. Feldman , G. K. Juul , S. J. Van Enk , M. Beck

This work introduces an approach rooted in quantum thermodynamics to enhance sampling efficiency in quantum machine learning (QML). We propose conceptualizing quantum supervised learning as a thermodynamic cooling process. Building on this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-07 Nayeli A. Rodríguez-Briones , Daniel K. Park

Quantum Process Tomography (QPT) is a powerful tool to characterize quantum operations, but it requires considerable resources making it impractical for more than 2-qubit systems. This work proposes an alternative approach that requires…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-18 Vicente Leyton-Ortega , Tyler Kharazi , Raphael C. Pooser

Current noisy quantum computers have multiple types of errors, which can occur in the state preparation, measurement/readout, and gate operation, as well as intrinsic decoherence and relaxation. Partly motivated by the booming of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-07 Hongye Yu , Tzu-Chieh Wei

Quantum devices require precisely calibrated analog signals, a process that is complex and time-consuming. Many calibration strategies exist, and all require careful analysis and tuning to optimize system availability. To enable rigorous…

In measurement-based quantum computing an algorithm is performed by measurements on highly-entangled resource states. To date, several implementations were demonstrated, all of them assuming perfect noise-free environments. Here we consider…

Several techniques have been recently introduced to mitigate errors in near-term quantum computers without the overhead required by quantum error correcting codes. While most of the focus has been on gate errors, measurement errors are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-10 Michael R. Geller

We present a novel protocol for high-fidelity qubit state preparation and measurement (SPAM) that combines standard SPAM methods with a series of in-sequence measurements to detect and remove errors. The protocol can be applied in any…

Traditional refrigeration is driven either by external force or an information-feedback mechanism. Surprisingly, the quantum measurement and collapse, which are generally detrimental, can also be used to power a cooling engine even without…

Noise affecting qubit preparation and measurements accounts for a significant fraction of errors in quantum information processing. This is especially critical in tasks like variational quantum algorithms, quantum error correction, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-25 Jaemin Kim , Seungchan Seo , Jiyoung Yun , Benjamin Lienhard , Joonwoo Bae

Error mitigation has enabled quantum computing applications with over one hundred qubits and deep circuits. The most general error mitigation methods rely on a faithful characterization of the noise channels of the hardware. However,…

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