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Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is commonly deployed in settings where agents are trained via self-play with homogeneous teammates, often using parameter sharing and a single policy architecture. This opens the question: to what…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Ryan LeRoy , Jack Kolb

This paper investigates multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in a partially observable, cooperative-competitive combat environment known as LAG. We describe the environment's setup, including agent actions, hierarchical controls, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Hanzhong Cao

We consider the problem setting in which multiple autonomous agents must cooperatively navigate and perform tasks in an unknown, communication-constrained environment. Traditional multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) approaches assume…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Sydney Dolan , Siddharth Nayak , Jasmine Jerry Aloor , Hamsa Balakrishnan

Self-play is a common paradigm for constructing solutions in Markov games that can yield optimal policies in collaborative settings. However, these policies often adopt highly-specialized conventions that make playing with a novel partner…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Darius Muglich , Luisa Zintgraf , Christian Schroeder de Witt , Shimon Whiteson , Jakob Foerster

This work proposes a framework that incorporates trust in an ad hoc teamwork scenario with human-agent teams, where an agent must collaborate with a human to perform a task. During the task, the agent must infer, through interactions and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Ana Carrasco

Achieving seamless coordination between AI agents and humans is crucial for real-world applications, yet it remains a significant open challenge. Hanabi is a cooperative card game featuring imperfect information, constrained communication,…

The intuitive collaboration of humans and intelligent robots (embodied AI) in the real-world is an essential objective for many desirable applications of robotics. Whilst there is much research regarding explicit communication, we focus on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Ali Shafti , Jonas Tjomsland , William Dudley , A. Aldo Faisal

Multi-agent adversarial inverse reinforcement learning (MA-AIRL) is a recent approach that applies single-agent AIRL to multi-agent problems where we seek to recover both policies for our agents and reward functions that promote expert-like…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Wonseok Jeon , Paul Barde , Derek Nowrouzezahrai , Joelle Pineau

Reaching consensus is key to multi-agent coordination. To accomplish a cooperative task, agents need to coherently select optimal joint actions to maximize the team reward. However, current cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Liangzhou Wang , Kaiwen Zhu , Fengming Zhu , Xinghu Yao , Shujie Zhang , Deheng Ye , Haobo Fu , Qiang Fu , Wei Yang

Despite the recent successes of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms, efficiently adapting to co-players in mixed-motive environments remains a significant challenge. One feasible approach is to hierarchically model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Yizhe Huang , Anji Liu , Fanqi Kong , Yaodong Yang , Song-Chun Zhu , Xue Feng

Seamlessly interacting with humans or robots is hard because these agents are non-stationary. They update their policy in response to the ego agent's behavior, and the ego agent must anticipate these changes to co-adapt. Inspired by humans,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-16 Annie Xie , Dylan P. Losey , Ryan Tolsma , Chelsea Finn , Dorsa Sadigh

A central challenge in multi-agent reinforcement learning is enabling agents to adapt to previously unseen teammates in a zero-shot fashion. Prior work in zero-shot coordination often follows a two-stage process, first generating a diverse…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Andrew Ni , Simon Stepputtis , Stefanos Nikolaidis , Michael Lewis , Katia P. Sycara , Woojun Kim

The primary focus of multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has been to study interactions among a fixed number of agents embedded in an environment. However, in the real world, the number of agents is neither fixed nor known a priori.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Shishir Sharma , Doina Precup , Theodore J. Perkins

There is a recent trend of applying multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) to train an agent that can cooperate with humans in a zero-shot fashion without using any human data. The typical workflow is to first repeatedly run self-play…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Chao Yu , Jiaxuan Gao , Weilin Liu , Botian Xu , Hao Tang , Jiaqi Yang , Yu Wang , Yi Wu

Open ad hoc teamwork is the problem of training a single agent to efficiently collaborate with an unknown group of teammates whose composition may change over time. A variable team composition creates challenges for the agent, such as the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Arrasy Rahman , Ignacio Carlucho , Niklas Höpner , Stefano V. Albrecht

A key challenge in multi-robot and multi-agent systems is generating solutions that are robust to other self-interested or even adversarial parties who actively try to prevent the agents from achieving their goals. The practicality of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-10-19 Trong Nghia Hoang , Yuchen Xiao , Kavinayan Sivakumar , Christopher Amato , Jonathan How

Before taking actions in an environment with more than one intelligent agent, an autonomous agent may benefit from reasoning about the other agents and utilizing a notion of a guarantee or confidence about the behavior of the system. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Nikunj Gupta , Somjit Nath , Samira Ebrahimi Kahou

In cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), where an agent coordinates with teammate(s) for a shared goal, it may sustain non-stationary caused by the policy change of teammates. Prior works mainly concentrate on the policy…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Ziqian Zhang , Lei Yuan , Lihe Li , Ke Xue , Chengxing Jia , Cong Guan , Chao Qian , Yang Yu

Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms can find an optimal policy for a single agent to accomplish a particular task. However, many real-world problems require multiple agents to collaborate in order to achieve a common goal. For example, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Jan Corazza , Hadi Partovi Aria , Hyohun Kim , Daniel Neider , Zhe Xu

In human society, the conflict between self-interest and collective well-being often obstructs efforts to achieve shared welfare. Related concepts like the Tragedy of the Commons and Social Dilemmas frequently manifest in our daily lives.…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yue Jin , Shuangqing Wei , Giovanni Montana
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