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Explainable AI (XAI) aims to improve user understanding and decisions when using AI models. However, despite innovations in XAI, recent user evaluations reveal that this goal remains elusive. Understanding human cognition can help explain…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Louth Bin Rawshan , Zhuoyu Wang , Brian Y. Lim

The field of 'explainable' artificial intelligence (XAI) has produced highly cited methods that seek to make the decisions of complex machine learning (ML) methods 'understandable' to humans, for example by attributing 'importance' scores…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Benedict Clark , Rick Wilming , Stefan Haufe

Both humans and machine learning models learn from experience, particularly in safety- and reliability-critical domains. While psychology seeks to understand human cognition, the field of Explainable AI (XAI) develops methods to interpret…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Roussel Rahman , Aashwin Ananda Mishra , Wan-Lin Hu

In the past few years, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been implemented in almost all verticals of human life. However, the results generated from the AI models often lag explainability. AI models often appear as a blackbox…

This chapter discusses the opportunities of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) within the realm of spatial analysis. A key objective in spatial analysis is to model spatial relationships and infer spatial processes to generate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Ziqi Li

Recently, post hoc explanation methods have emerged to enhance model transparency by attributing model outputs to input features. However, these methods face challenges due to their specificity to certain neural network architectures and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Seongun Kim , Sol A Kim , Geonhyeong Kim , Enver Menadjiev , Chanwoo Lee , Seongwook Chung , Nari Kim , Jaesik Choi

We consider the problem of providing users of deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) based systems with a better understanding of when their output can be trusted. We offer an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) framework that provides a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Jeff Druce , Michael Harradon , James Tittle

Explanations have gained an increasing level of interest in the AI and Machine Learning (ML) communities in order to improve model transparency and allow users to form a mental model of a trained ML model. However, explanations can go…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Stefano Teso , Öznur Alkan , Wolfang Stammer , Elizabeth Daly

Explainability is becoming an important requirement for organizations that make use of automated decision-making due to regulatory initiatives and a shift in public awareness. Various and significantly different algorithmic methods to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Tom Vermeire , Thibault Laugel , Xavier Renard , David Martens , Marcin Detyniecki

As computational systems supported by artificial intelligence (AI) techniques continue to play an increasingly pivotal role in making high-stakes recommendations and decisions across various domains, the demand for explainable AI (XAI) has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Muhammad Suffian , Ulrike Kuhl , Jose M. Alonso-Moral , Alessandro Bogliolo

The growing complexity of machine learning and deep learning models has led to an increased reliance on opaque "black box" systems, making it difficult to understand the rationale behind predictions. This lack of transparency is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Pratinav Seth , Yashwardhan Rathore , Neeraj Kumar Singh , Chintan Chitroda , Vinay Kumar Sankarapu

Artificial intelligence (AI) enables machines to learn from human experience, adjust to new inputs, and perform human-like tasks. AI is progressing rapidly and is transforming the way businesses operate, from process automation to cognitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Ambreen Hanif

There is a disconnect between explanatory artificial intelligence (XAI) methods and the types of explanations that are useful for and demanded by society (policy makers, government officials, etc.) Questions that experts in artificial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Leilani H. Gilpin , Cecilia Testart , Nathaniel Fruchter , Julius Adebayo

The accelerated progress of artificial intelligence (AI) has popularized deep learning models across various domains, yet their inherent opacity poses challenges, particularly in critical fields like healthcare, medicine, and the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Michail Mamalakis , Antonios Mamalakis , Ingrid Agartz , Lynn Egeland Mørch-Johnsen , Graham Murray , John Suckling , Pietro Lio

Artificial Intelligence (AI) models have reached a very significant level of accuracy. While their superior performance offers considerable benefits, their inherent complexity often decreases human trust, which slows their application in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Pierre-Daniel Arsenault , Shengrui Wang , Jean-Marc Patenande

The complex nature of disease mechanisms and the variability of patient symptoms pose significant challenges in developing effective diagnostic tools. Although machine learning (ML) has made substantial advances in medical diagnosis, the…

In this paper, we investigate the practical relevance of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) with a special focus on the producing industries and relate them to the current state of academic XAI research. Our findings are based on an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Thomas Decker , Ralf Gross , Alexander Koebler , Michael Lebacher , Ronald Schnitzer , Stefan H. Weber

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the major technological advancements of this century, bearing incredible potential for users through AI-powered applications and tools in numerous domains. Being often black-box (i.e., its…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Eleonora Cappuccio , Andrea Esposito , Francesco Greco , Giuseppe Desolda , Rosa Lanzilotti , Salvatore Rinzivillo

Explainability of AI models is an important topic that can have a significant impact in all domains and applications from autonomous driving to healthcare. The existing approaches to explainable AI (XAI) are mainly limited to simple machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Poushali Sengupta , Yan Zhang , Sabita Maharjan , Frank Eliassen

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to improve the transparency of machine learning (ML) pipelines. We systematize the increasingly growing (but fragmented) microcosm of studies that develop and utilize XAI methods for defensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Azqa Nadeem , Daniël Vos , Clinton Cao , Luca Pajola , Simon Dieck , Robert Baumgartner , Sicco Verwer