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Culture is the bedrock of human interaction; it dictates how we perceive and respond to everyday interactions. As the field of human-computer interaction grows via the rise of generative Large Language Models (LLMs), the cultural alignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 James Luther , Donald Brown

Texts written in different languages reflect different culturally-dependent beliefs of their writers. Thus, we expect multilingual LMs (MLMs), that are jointly trained on a concatenation of text in multiple languages, to encode different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Rochelle Choenni , Anne Lauscher , Ekaterina Shutova

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong performance across many tasks, but their ability to capture culturally diverse moral values remains unclear. In this paper, we examine whether LLMs mirror variations in moral attitudes reported…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Hadi Mohammadi , Ayoub Bagheri

Large language models (LLMs) have become mainstream technology with their versatile use cases and impressive performance. Despite the countless out-of-the-box applications, LLMs are still not reliable. A lot of work is being done to improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Aisha Khatun , Daniel G. Brown

Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly being adopted by users across the globe, who interact with them in a diverse range of languages. At the same time, there are well-documented imbalances in the training data and optimisation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Bram Bulté , Ayla Rigouts Terryn

Large language models (LLMs) appear to bias their survey answers toward certain values. Nonetheless, some argue that LLMs are too inconsistent to simulate particular values. Are they? To answer, we first define value consistency as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Jared Moore , Tanvi Deshpande , Diyi Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often misleadingly recognized as having a personality or a set of values. We argue that an LLM can be seen as a superposition of perspectives with different values and personality traits. LLMs exhibit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Grgur Kovač , Masataka Sawayama , Rémy Portelas , Cédric Colas , Peter Ford Dominey , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer

Minimizing negative impacts of Artificial Intelligent (AI) systems on human societies without human supervision requires them to be able to align with human values. However, most current work only addresses this issue from a technical point…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Mehdi Khamassi , Marceau Nahon , Raja Chatila

Language models such as GPT-3 have caused a furore in the research community. Some studies found that GPT-3 has some creative abilities and makes mistakes that are on par with human behaviour. This paper answers a related question: Who is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Marilù Miotto , Nicola Rossberg , Bennett Kleinberg

Large language models (LLMs) closely interact with humans, and thus need an intimate understanding of the cultural values of human society. In this paper, we explore how open-source LLMs make judgments on diverse categories of cultural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Minsang Kim , Seungjun Baek

LLMs as intelligent agents are being increasingly applied in scenarios where human interactions are involved, leading to a critical concern about whether LLMs are faithful to the variations in culture across regions. Several works have…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Nicholas Sukiennik , Chen Gao , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

This paper identifies a cultural dominance issue within large language models (LLMs) due to the predominant use of English data in model training (e.g., ChatGPT). LLMs often provide inappropriate English-culture-related answers that are not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Wenxuan Wang , Wenxiang Jiao , Jingyuan Huang , Ruyi Dai , Jen-tse Huang , Zhaopeng Tu , Michael R. Lyu

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have received enormous attention over the past year and are now used by hundreds of millions of people every day. The rapid adoption of this technology naturally raises questions about the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Jonathan Shaki , Sarit Kraus , Michael Wooldridge

Culture fundamentally shapes people's reasoning, behavior, and communication. As people increasingly use generative artificial intelligence (AI) to expedite and automate personal and professional tasks, cultural values embedded in AI models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Yan Tao , Olga Viberg , Ryan S. Baker , Rene F. Kizilcec

LLMs have been demonstrated to align with the values of Western or North American cultures. Prior work predominantly showed this effect through leveraging surveys that directly ask (originally people and now also LLMs) about their values.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhuozhuo Joy Liu , Farhan Samir , Mehar Bhatia , Laura K. Nelson , Vered Shwartz

Language embeds information about social, cultural, and political values people hold. Prior work has explored social and potentially harmful biases encoded in Pre-Trained Language models (PTLMs). However, there has been no systematic study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Arnav Arora , Lucie-Aimée Kaffee , Isabelle Augenstein

Our study aims to identify behavior patterns in cultural values exhibited by large language models (LLMs). The studied variants include question ordering, prompting language, and model size. Our experiments reveal that each tested LLM can…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Qishuai Zhong , Yike Yun , Aixin Sun

Improving the alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) with respect to the cultural values that they encode has become an increasingly important topic. In this work, we study whether we can exploit existing knowledge about cultural values…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Rochelle Choenni , Ekaterina Shutova

We explore the alignment of values in Large Language Models (LLMs) with specific age groups, leveraging data from the World Value Survey across thirteen categories. Through a diverse set of prompts tailored to ensure response robustness, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Siyang Liu , Trish Maturi , Bowen Yi , Siqi Shen , Rada Mihalcea

Large Language Models (LLMs) behave non-deterministically, and prompting has become a common method for steering their outputs. A popular strategy is to assign a persona to the model to produce more varied, context-sensitive responses,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Bruce W. Lee , Yeongheon Lee , Hyunsoo Cho
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