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In this paper we show that it is possible to adapt a qudit scheme for creating a controlled-Toffoli created by Ralph et al. [Phys. Rev. A 75 011213] to be applicable to qubits. While this scheme requires more gates than standard schemes for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-23 Katherine L. Brown , Anmer Daskin , Sabre Kais , Jonathan P. Dowling

We present quantum circuits for comparison and increment operations that achieve an asymptotically optimal gate count of $\Theta(n)$ and depth of $\Theta(\log n)$ over the Clifford+Toffoli gate set, while using a provably minimal number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Vivien Vandaele

Control modular addition is a core arithmetic function, and we must consider the computational cost for actual quantum computers to realize efficient implementation. To achieve a low computational cost in a control modular adder, we focus…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-10 Kento Oonishi , Tomoki Tanaka , Shumpei Uno , Takahiko Satoh , Rodney Van Meter , Noboru Kunihiro

Quantum computation is traditionally expressed in terms of quantum bits, or qubits. In this work, we instead consider three-level qu$trits$. Past work with qutrits has demonstrated only constant factor improvements, owing to the $\log_2(3)$…

Quantum circuits for basic mathematical functions such as the square root are required to implement scientific computing algorithms on quantum computers. Quantum circuits that are based on Clifford+T gates can easily be made fault tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-31 Edgard Muñoz-Coreas , Himanshu Thapliyal

In this paper we present a generic construction to obtain an optimal T depth quantum circuit for any arbitrary $n$-input $m$-output Boolean function $f: \{0,1\}^n \rightarrow \{0,1\}^m$ having algebraic degree $k\leq n$, and it achieves an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-03 Suman Dutta , Anik Basu Bhaumik , Anupam Chattopadhyay , Subhamoy Maitra

Among the cost metrics characterizing a quantum circuit, the $T$-count stands out as one of the most crucial as its minimization is particularly important in various areas of quantum computation such as fault-tolerant quantum computing and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Vivien Vandaele

It has previously been established that the logarithmic-depth approximate quantum Fourier transform (AQFT) provides a suitable replacement for the regular QFT in many quantum algorithms. Since the AQFT is less accurate by definition,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Donny Cheung

In this research, we create a scalable version of the quantum Fourier transform-based arithmetic circuit to perform addition and subtraction operations on N n-bit unsigned integers encoded in quantum registers, and it is compatible with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-04 Murat Kurt , Ayda Kaltehei , Azmi Gençten , Selçuk Çakmak

We show a significant reduction of the number of quantum operations and the improvement of the circuit depth for the realization of the Toffoli gate by using qudits. This is done by establishing a general relation between the dimensionality…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-12 E. O. Kiktenko , A. S. Nikolaeva , Peng Xu , G. V. Shlyapnikov , A. K. Fedorov

In the paper, we consider quantum circuits for the Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) algorithm. The QFT algorithm is a very popular technique used in many quantum algorithms. We present a generic method for constructing quantum circuits for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-05 Kamil Khadiev , Aliya Khadieva , Vadim Sagitov , Kamil Khasanov

We provide evidence that commonly held intuitions when designing quantum circuits can be misleading. In particular we show that: a) reducing the T-count can increase the total depth; b) it may be beneficial to trade CNOTs for measurements…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-14 Alexandru Paler , Oumarou Oumarou , Robert Basmadjian

Before executing a quantum algorithm, one must first decompose the algorithm into machine-level instructions compatible with the architecture of the quantum computer, a process known as quantum compiling. There are many different quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-08 Luke Heyfron , Earl T. Campbell

Quantum circuits for mathematical functions such as division are necessary to use quantum computers for scientific computing. Quantum circuits based on Clifford+T gates can easily be made fault-tolerant but the T gate is very costly to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-27 Himanshu Thapliyal , Edgard Muñoz-Coreas , T. S. S. Varun , Travis S. Humble

In this study, we propose an efficient quantum multiplication approach based on a QFT-assisted parallelized addition scheme. The multiplication stage is implemented using a structure composed entirely of Toffoli gates, which generate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Murat Kurtand Selçuk Çakmak , Azmi Gençten

In this paper, we settle the long-standing open problem of the minimum cost of two-qubit gates for simulating a Toffoli gate. More precisely, we show that five two-qubit gates are necessary. Before our work, it is known that five gates are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-09-24 Nengkun Yu , Runyao Duan , Mingsheng Ying

Arbitrarily accurate fault-tolerant (FT) universal quantum computation can be carried out using the Clifford gates Z, S, CNOT plus the non-Clifford T gate. Moreover, a recent improvement of the Solovay-Kitaev theorem by Kuperberg implies…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-02 H. F. Chau

We perform optimal-control-theory calculations to determine the minimum number of two-qubit CNOT gates needed to perform quantum state preparation and unitary operator synthesis for few-qubit systems. By considering all possible gate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-24 Sahel Ashhab , Naoki Yamamoto , Fumiki Yoshihara , Kouichi Semba

Numerous scientific developments in this NISQ-era (Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum) have raised the importance for quantum algorithms relative to their conventional counterparts due to its asymptotic advantage. For resource estimates in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-13 Amit Saha , Anupam Chattopadhyay , Amlan Chakrabarti

Multi-controlled Toffoli gates are fundamental building blocks in quantum computation, with applications in quantum arithmetic, simulation, and search algorithms. In fault-tolerant architectures, their realization is constrained by the high…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Abhoy Kole , Majd Assaad , Till Schnittka , Rolf Drechsler