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In this paper, we consider fully connected feed-forward deep neural networks where weights and biases are independent and identically distributed according to Gaussian distributions. Extending previous results (Matthews et al., 2018a;b;…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-12-02 Daniele Bracale , Stefano Favaro , Sandra Fortini , Stefano Peluchetti

We give a proof that, under relatively mild conditions, fully-connected feed-forward deep random neural networks converge to a Gaussian mixture distribution as only the width of the last hidden layer goes to infinity. We conducted…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-04-27 Yasuhiko Asao , Ryotaro Sakamoto , Shiro Takagi

The overparameterization of variational quantum circuits, as a model of Quantum Neural Networks (QNN), not only improves their trainability but also serves as a method for evaluating the property of a given ansatz by investigating their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-23 Ali Rad

It has long been thought that high-dimensional data encountered in many practical machine learning tasks have low-dimensional structure, i.e., the manifold hypothesis holds. A natural question, thus, is to estimate the intrinsic dimension…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-01 Adam Block , Zeyu Jia , Yury Polyanskiy , Alexander Rakhlin

Ensembles of neural network weight matrices are studied through the training process for the MNIST classification problem, testing the efficacy of matrix models for representing their distributions, under assumptions of Gaussianity and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Edward Hirst , Sanjaye Ramgoolam

Finite-width fully connected neural networks with Gaussian-initialized weights deviate from their infinite-width Gaussian limit, exhibiting non-vanishing higher-order cumulants. We approximate these deviations, for a neural network…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-26 Lucia Celli

In a series of two papers, we investigate the large deviations and asymptotic behavior of stochastic models of brain neural networks with random interaction coefficients. In this first paper, we take into account the spatial structure of…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-01-05 Tanguy Cabana , Jonathan Touboul

Given a cloud of $n$ data points in $\mathbb{R}^d$, consider all projections onto $m$-dimensional subspaces of $\mathbb{R}^d$ and, for each such projection, the empirical distribution of the projected points. What does this collection of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-06 Andrea Montanari , Kangjie Zhou

Neural networks with wide layers have attracted significant attention due to their equivalence to Gaussian processes, enabling perfect fitting of training data while maintaining generalization performance, known as benign overfitting.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Tianxiang Gao , Xiaokai Huo , Hailiang Liu , Hongyang Gao

In a recently published paper [1], it is shown that deep neural networks (DNNs) with random Gaussian weights preserve the metric structure of the data, with the property that the distance shrinks more when the angle between the two data…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-04-02 Talha Cihad Gulcu , Alper Gungor

Inference in deep Bayesian neural networks is only fully understood in the infinite-width limit, where the posterior flexibility afforded by increased depth washes out and the posterior predictive collapses to a shallow Gaussian process.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Jacob A. Zavatone-Veth , Cengiz Pehlevan

Using Stein's method techniques introduced by Chatterjee (2008) and further extended by Kasprzak and Peccati (2022) and by Lachi\`eze-Rey and Peccati (2017), we derive novel quantitative bounds on the convergence in distribution of…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-30 Lucia Celli

We derive upper bounds on the Wasserstein distance ($W_1$), with respect to $\sup$-norm, between any continuous $\mathbb{R}^d$ valued random field indexed by the $n$-sphere and the Gaussian, based on Stein's method. We develop a novel…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-05-02 Krishnakumar Balasubramanian , Larry Goldstein , Nathan Ross , Adil Salim

We show that every $d$-dimensional probability distribution of bounded support can be generated through deep ReLU networks out of a $1$-dimensional uniform input distribution. What is more, this is possible without incurring a cost - in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Dmytro Perekrestenko , Léandre Eberhard , Helmut Bölcskei

We consider fully connected and feedforward deep neural networks with dependent and possibly heavy-tailed weights, as introduced in [26], to address limitations of the standard Gaussian prior. It has been proved in [26] that, as the number…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-14 Nicola Apollonio , Giovanni Franzina , Giovanni Luca Torrisi

The infinitely wide neural network has been proven a useful and manageable mathematical model that enables the understanding of many phenomena appearing in deep learning. One example is the convergence of random deep networks to Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-19 Thiziri Nait-Saada , Alireza Naderi , Jared Tanner

Using entropic inequalities from information theory, we provide new bounds on the total variation and 2-Wasserstein distances between a conditionally Gaussian law and a Gaussian law with invertible covariance matrix. We apply our results to…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-06-04 Lucia Celli , Giovanni Peccati

It has long been known that a single-layer fully-connected neural network with an i.i.d. prior over its parameters is equivalent to a Gaussian process (GP), in the limit of infinite network width. This correspondence enables exact Bayesian…

We consider dynamical and geometrical aspects of deep learning. For many standard choices of layer maps we display semi-invariant metrics which quantify differences between data or decision functions. This allows us, when considering random…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Benny Avelin , Anders Karlsson

Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in the correspondence between infinitely wide networks and Gaussian processes. Despite the effectiveness and elegance of the current neural network Gaussian process theory, to the best of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Shao-Qun Zhang , Fei Wang , Feng-Lei Fan