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As Machine Learning technologies become increasingly used in contexts that affect citizens, companies as well as researchers need to be confident that their application of these methods will not have unexpected social implications, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Simon Caton , Christian Haas

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in advancing various fields of research and society. However, the current community of LLMs overly focuses on benchmarks for analyzing specific foundational skills (e.g.…

Current natural language processing (NLP) research tends to focus on only one or, less frequently, two dimensions - e.g., performance, privacy, fairness, or efficiency - at a time, which may lead to suboptimal conclusions and often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Minh Duc Bui , Katharina von der Wense

Much recent progress in applications of machine learning models to NLP has been driven by benchmarks that evaluate models across a wide variety of tasks. However, these broad-coverage benchmarks have been mostly limited to English, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-07 Junjie Hu , Sebastian Ruder , Aditya Siddhant , Graham Neubig , Orhan Firat , Melvin Johnson

With the rapid development of Large language models (LLMs), understanding the capabilities of LLMs in identifying unsafe content has become increasingly important. While previous works have introduced several benchmarks to evaluate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Hengxiang Zhang , Hongfu Gao , Qiang Hu , Guanhua Chen , Lili Yang , Bingyi Jing , Hongxin Wei , Bing Wang , Haifeng Bai , Lei Yang

Deep learning models for semantics are generally evaluated using naturalistic corpora. Adversarial methods, in which models are evaluated on new examples with known semantic properties, have begun to reveal that good performance at these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Atticus Geiger , Ignacio Cases , Lauri Karttunen , Chris Potts

As large language models achieve impressive scores on traditional benchmarks, an increasing number of researchers are becoming concerned about benchmark data leakage during pre-training, commonly known as the data contamination problem. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Kun Qian , Shunji Wan , Claudia Tang , Youzhi Wang , Xuanming Zhang , Maximillian Chen , Zhou Yu

Existing fairness benchmarks for large language models (LLMs) primarily focus on simple tasks, such as multiple-choice questions, overlooking biases that may arise in more complex scenarios like long-text generation. To address this gap, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Wonje Jeung , Dongjae Jeon , Ashkan Yousefpour , Jonghyun Choi

Dialects introduce syntactic and lexical variations in language that occur in regional or social groups. Most NLP methods are not sensitive to such variations. This may lead to unfair behavior of the methods, conveying negative bias towards…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Maximilian Spliethöver , Sai Nikhil Menon , Henning Wachsmuth

The rapid development of Chinese large language models (LLMs) poses big challenges for efficient LLM evaluation. While current initiatives have introduced new benchmarks or evaluation platforms for assessing Chinese LLMs, many of these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Chuang Liu , Linhao Yu , Jiaxuan Li , Renren Jin , Yufei Huang , Ling Shi , Junhui Zhang , Xinmeng Ji , Tingting Cui , Tao Liu , Jinwang Song , Hongying Zan , Sun Li , Deyi Xiong

Federated learning has enabled multiple parties to collaboratively train large language models without directly sharing their data (FedLLM). Following this training paradigm, the community has put massive efforts from diverse aspects…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Rui Ye , Rui Ge , Xinyu Zhu , Jingyi Chai , Yaxin Du , Yang Liu , Yanfeng Wang , Siheng Chen

Specialized lexicons are collections of words with associated constraints such as special definitions, specific roles, and intended target audiences. These constraints are necessary for content generation and documentation tasks (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Joseph Marvin Imperial , Harish Tayyar Madabushi

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain difficult to evaluate comprehensively, particularly for languages other than English, where high-quality data is often limited. Existing benchmarks and leaderboards are predominantly English-centric, with…

The rapid rise in popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) with emerging capabilities has spurred public curiosity to evaluate and compare different LLMs, leading many researchers to propose their own LLM benchmarks. Noticing preliminary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Timothy R. McIntosh , Teo Susnjak , Nalin Arachchilage , Tong Liu , Paul Watters , Malka N. Halgamuge

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language processing tasks, such as text generation and semantic understanding. However, their performance on numerical reasoning tasks, such as basic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Haoyang Li , Xuejia Chen , Zhanchao XU , Darian Li , Nicole Hu , Fei Teng , Yiming Li , Luyu Qiu , Chen Jason Zhang , Qing Li , Lei Chen

A core part of legal work that has been under-explored in Legal NLP is the writing and editing of legal briefs. This requires not only a thorough understanding of the law of a jurisdiction, from judgments to statutes, but also the ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Jesse Woo , Fateme Hashemi Chaleshtori , Ana Marasović , Kenneth Marino

Large language models achieve near-ceiling performance on code generation benchmarks, yet most of the programming languages used by popular benchmarks such as SWE-bench and HumanEval (e.g. Python, JavaScript) are squarely in-distribution.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Aman Sharma , Paras Chopra

The rise of generative artificial intelligence, particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), has intensified the imperative to scrutinize fairness alongside accuracy. Recent studies have begun to investigate fairness evaluations for LLMs…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-31 Chandan Kumar Sah , Lian Xiaoli , Muhammad Mirajul Islam

Multi-lingual competence in large language models is often evaluated via static data benchmarks such as Belebele, M-MMLU and M-GSM. However, these evaluations often fail to provide an adequate understanding of the practical performance and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Victor Ojewale , Inioluwa Deborah Raji , Suresh Venkatasubramanian