Related papers: On the Skolem Problem for Reversible Sequences
This paper grew out of the observation that the possibilities of proof by induction and definition by recursion are often confused. The paper reviews the distinctions. The von Neumann construction of the ordinal numbers includes a…
The aim of this article is to provide a method to prove the irreducibility of non-linear ordinary differential equations by means of the differential Galois group of their variational equations along algebraic solutions. We show that if the…
We show that the Galois group of any Schubert problem involving lines in projective space contains the alternating group. This constitutes the largest family of enumerative problems whose Galois groups have been largely determined. Using a…
Suppose that we have a set of numbers x_1, ..., x_n which have nonnegative sum. How many subsets of k numbers from {x_1, ..., x_n} must have nonnegative sum? Manickam, Miklos, and Singhi conjectured that for n at least 4k the answer is (n-1…
Let $z_1, \dots, z_m$ be $m$ distinct complex numbers, normalized to $|z_k| = 1$, and consider the polynomial $$ p_{m}(z) = \prod_{k=1}^{m}{(z-z_k)}.$$ We define a sequence of polynomials in a greedy fashion, $$ p_{N+1}(z) = p_{N}(z)…
We derive the necessary and sufficient condition, for a given Polynomial Recurrence Sequence to converge to a given target rational K. By converge, we mean that the Nth term of the sequence, is equal to K, as N tends to positive infinity.…
Selfridge asked to investigate the pairs $(m,n)$ of natural numbers for which $2^m - 2^n$ divides $x^m - x^n$ for all integers $x.$ This question was answered by different mathematicians by showing that there are only finitely many such…
We use the fact that certain cosets of the stabilizer of points are pairwise conjugate in a symmetric group $S_n$ in order to construct recurrence relations for enumerating certain subsets of $S_n$. Occasionally one can find `closed form'…
Polynomials whose zeros are symmetric either to the real line or to the unit circle are very important in mathematics and physics. We can classify them into three main classes: the self-conjugate polynomials, whose zeros are symmetric to…
We establish that the sequences formed by logarithms and by "fractional" powers of integers, as well as the sequence of prime numbers, are non-holonomic, thereby answering three open problems of Gerhold [Electronic Journal of Combinatorics…
We give an infinite family of congruent number elliptic curves, each with rank at least two, which are related to integral solutions of $m^2=n^2+nl+l^2$.
If $L$ is a relational language, then an $L$-structure ${\mathbb X}=\langle X,\bar \rho \rangle$ is reversible iff there is no interpretation $\bar \sigma \varsubsetneq \bar \rho$ such that the structures $\langle X,\bar \sigma \rangle$ and…
Non-linear recurrences which generate integers in a surprising way have been studied by many people. Typically people study recurrences that are linear in the highest order term. In this paper I consider what happens when the recurrence is…
We consider the chessboard pebbling problem analyzed by Chung, Graham, Morrison and Odlyzko [3]. We study the number of reachable configurations $G(k)$ and a related double sequence $G(k,m)$. Exact expressions for these are derived, and we…
$ $We study solutions of difference equations in the rings of sequences and, more generally, solutions of equations with a monoid action in the ring of sequences indexed by the monoid. This framework includes, for example, difference…
An intersective polynomial is a monic polynomial in one variable with rational integer coefficients, with no rational root and having a root modulo $m$ for all positive integers $m$. Let $G$ be a finite noncyclic group and let $r(G)$ be the…
An infinite real sequence $\{a_n\}$ is called an invariant sequence of the first (resp., second) kind if $a_n=\sum_{k=0}^n {n \choose k} (-1)^k a_k$ (resp., $a_n=\sum_{k=n}^{\infty} {k \choose n} (-1)^k a_k$). We review and investigate…
We consider compositions of natural numbers when there are different types of each natural number. Several recursions as well as some closed formulas for the number of compositions is derived. We also find its relationships with some known…
The Krawtchouck polynomials arise naturally in both coding theory and probability theory and have been studied extensively from these points of view. However, very little is known about their irreducibility and Galois properties. Just like…
The tiling problem has been a famous problem that has appeared in many Mathematics problems. Many of its solutions are rooted in high-level Mathematics. Thus we hope to tackle this problem using more elementary Mathematics concepts. In this…