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Background: Mendelian randomization (MR) is a useful approach to causal inference from observational studies when randomised controlled trials are not feasible. However, study heterogeneity of two association studies required in MR is often…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-16 Linyi Zou , Hui Guo , Carlo Berzuini

Mendelian Randomization (MR) is a prominent observational epidemiological research method designed to address unobserved confounding when estimating causal effects. However, core assumptions -- particularly the independence between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Shimeng Huang , Matthew Robinson , Francesco Locatello

Mendelian randomization uses genetic variants to make causal inferences about the effect of a risk factor on an outcome. With fine-mapped genetic data, there may be hundreds of genetic variants in a single gene region any of which could be…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-07-10 Stephen Burgess , Verena Zuber , Elsa Valdes-Marquez , Benjamin B Sun , Jemma C Hopewell

Developments in genome-wide association studies and the increasing availability of summary genetic association data have made the application of two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) with summary data increasingly popular. Conventional…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-22 Xinwei Ma , Jingshen Wang , Chong Wu

Omics biomarkers play a pivotal role in personalized medicine by providing molecular-level insights into the etiology of diseases, guiding precise diagnostics, and facilitating targeted therapeutic interventions. Recent advancements in…

Applications · Statistics 2024-02-21 Minhao Yao , Zhonghua Liu

Mendelian randomization (MR) is a natural experimental design based on the random transmission of genes from parents to offspring. However, this inferential basis is typically only implicit or used as an informal justification. As…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-19 Matthew J Tudball , George Davey Smith , Qingyuan Zhao

Mendelian randomization (MR) is a popular instrumental variable (IV) approach, in which one or several genetic markers serve as IVs that can sometimes be leveraged to recover valid inferences about a given exposure-outcome causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-10 Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen , BaoLuo Sun , Stefan Walter

Methods have been developed for Mendelian randomization that can obtain consistent causal estimates while relaxing the instrumental variable assumptions. These include multivariable Mendelian randomization, in which a genetic variant may be…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-08-02 Jessica M. B. Rees , Angela Wood , Stephen Burgess

Mendelian randomization (MR) uses genetic variants as instrumental variables to make causal claims. Standard MR approaches typically report a single population-averaged estimate, limiting their ability to explore effect heterogeneity or…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-16 Stephen Burgess , Benjamin A R Woolf , Amy M Mason

The method of multivariable Mendelian randomization uses genetic variants to instrument multiple exposures, to estimate the effect that a given exposure has on an outcome conditional on all other exposures included in a linear model.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-20 Ashish Patel , James Lane , Stephen Burgess

Mendelian Randomization (MR) is a popular method in epidemiology and genetics that uses genetic variation as instrumental variables for causal inference. Existing MR methods usually assume most genetic variants are valid instrumental…

Applications · Statistics 2022-06-15 Daniel Iong , Qingyuan Zhao , Yang Chen

Motivation: Mendelian randomization (MR) infers causal relationships between exposures and outcomes using genetic variants as instrumental variables. Typically, MR considers only a pair of exposure and outcome at a time, limiting its…

Applications · Statistics 2025-10-14 Bitan Sarkar , Yang Ni

In Mendelian randomization (MR) studies, genetic variants are used as instrumental variables (IVs) to investigate causal relationships between exposures and outcomes based on observational data. However, numerous genetic studies have shown…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-10 Julien St-Pierre , Archer Y. Yang , Mireille E. Schnitzer , Marc-André Legault

Our approach to Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis is designed to increase reproducibility of causal effect "discoveries" by: (i) using a Bayesian approach to inference; (ii) replacing the point null hypothesis with a region of practical…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-11 Linyi Zou , Teresa Fazia , Hui Guo , Carlo Berzuini

Mendelian randomization (MR) is a widely used tool for causal inference in the presence of unmeasured confounders, which uses single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables to estimate causal effects. However, SNPs often…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-29 Ruoyu Wang , Haoyu Zhang , Xihong Lin

Many Mendelian randomization (MR) papers have been conducted only in people of European ancestry, limiting transportability of results to the global population. Expanding MR to diverse ancestry groups is essential to ensure equitable…

Mendelian randomization uses genetic variants as instrumental variables to make causal inferences about the effects of modifiable risk factors on diseases from observational data. One of the major challenges in Mendelian randomization is…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-29 Youpeng Su , Siqi Xu , Yilei Ma , Ping Yin , Wing Kam Fung , Hongwei Jiang , Peng Wang

Multivariable Mendelian Randomization (MVMR) estimates the direct causal effects of multiple risk factors on an outcome using genetic variants as instruments. The growing availability of summary-level genetic data has created opportunities…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-18 Yinxiang Wu , Neil M. Davies , Ting Ye

Our Bayesian approach to Mendelian Randomisation uses multiple instruments to assess the putative causal effect of an exposure on an outcome. The approach is robust to violations of the (untestable) Exclusion Restriction condition, and…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-02-01 Carlo Berzuini , Hui Guo , Stephen Burgess , Luisa Bernardinelli

When genetic variants in a gene cluster are associated with a disease outcome, the causal pathway from the variants to the outcome can be difficult to disentangle. For example, the chemokine receptor gene cluster contains genetic variants…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-05 Fatima Batool , Ashish Patel , Dipender Gill , Stephen Burgess