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Counterfactual (CF) explanations for machine learning (ML) models are preferred by end-users, as they explain the predictions of ML models by providing a recourse (or contrastive) case to individuals who are adversely impacted by predicted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Hangzhi Guo , Feiran Jia , Jinghui Chen , Anna Squicciarini , Amulya Yadav

A key strategy for balancing performance and cost in modern machine learning systems is to dynamically route queries to either a low-cost model or a more expensive oracle (such as a large pretrained model or human expert), an approach known…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Charlotte Peale , Siddartha Devic , Parikshit Gopalan , Udi Wieder , Aravind Gollakota

Robust planning in interactive scenarios requires predicting the uncertain future to make risk-aware decisions. Unfortunately, due to long-tail safety-critical events, the risk is often under-estimated by finite-sampling approximations of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Haruki Nishimura , Jean Mercat , Blake Wulfe , Rowan McAllister , Adrien Gaidon

The recent adoption of artificial intelligence in socio-technical systems raises concerns about the black-box nature of the resulting decisions in fields such as hiring, finance, admissions, etc. If data subjects -- such as job applicants,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Kaustav Bhattacharjee , Jun Yuan , Aritra Dasgupta

Consumer protection rules require companies that deploy models to automate decisions in high-stakes settings to explain predictions to decision subjects. These rules are motivated, in part, by the belief that explanations can promote…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-30 Harry Cheon , Anneke Wernerfelt , Sorelle A. Friedler , Berk Ustun

Machine learning models are often used to decide who receives a loan, a job interview, or a public benefit. Models in such settings use features without considering their actionability. As a result, they can assign predictions that are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Avni Kothari , Bogdan Kulynych , Tsui-Wei Weng , Berk Ustun

While machine learning and ranking-based systems are in widespread use for sensitive decision-making processes (e.g., determining job candidates, assigning credit scores), they are rife with concerns over unintended biases in their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Aparajita Haldar , Teddy Cunningham , Hakan Ferhatosmanoglu

As predictive models are increasingly being deployed in high-stakes decision-making, there has been a lot of interest in developing algorithms which can provide recourses to affected individuals. While developing such tools is important, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Kaivalya Rawal , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Algorithmic Recourse provides recommendations to individuals who are adversely impacted by automated model decisions, on how to alter their profiles to achieve a favorable outcome. Effective recourse methods must balance three conflicting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Prateek Garg , Lokesh Nagalapatti , Sunita Sarawagi

Algorithmic recourse explanations inform stakeholders on how to act to revert unfavorable predictions. However, in general ML models do not predict well in interventional distributions. Thus, an action that changes the prediction in the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-07-19 Gunnar König , Timo Freiesleben , Moritz Grosse-Wentrup

People are increasingly subject to algorithmic decisions, and it is generally agreed that end-users should be provided an explanation or rationale for these decisions. There are different purposes that explanations can have, such as…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Emily Sullivan , Philippe Verreault-Julien

The rise in machine learning-assisted decision-making has led to concerns about the fairness of the decisions and techniques to mitigate problems of discrimination. If a negative decision is made about an individual (denying a loan,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Vivek Gupta , Pegah Nokhiz , Chitradeep Dutta Roy , Suresh Venkatasubramanian

Machine learning models are increasingly used to automate decisions that affect humans - deciding who should receive a loan, a job interview, or a social service. In such applications, a person should have the ability to change the decision…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-12 Berk Ustun , Alexander Spangher , Yang Liu

Explaining algorithmic decisions and recommending actionable feedback is increasingly important for machine learning applications. Recently, significant efforts have been invested in finding a diverse set of recourses to cover the wide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Duy Nguyen , Ngoc Bui , Viet Anh Nguyen

Optimization models used to make discrete decisions often contain uncertain parameters that are context-dependent and estimated through prediction. To account for the quality of the decision made based on the prediction, decision-focused…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Noah Schutte , Krzysztof Postek , Neil Yorke-Smith

When applicants get rejected by an algorithmic decision system, recourse explanations provide actionable suggestions for how to change their input features to get a positive evaluation. A crucial yet overlooked phenomenon is that recourse…

In Reward Learning (ReL), we are given feedback on an unknown target reward, and the goal is to use this information to recover it in order to carry out some downstream application, e.g., planning. When the feedback is not informative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Filippo Lazzati , Alberto Maria Metelli

Recent work has discussed the limitations of counterfactual explanations to recommend actions for algorithmic recourse, and argued for the need of taking causal relationships between features into consideration. Unfortunately, in practice,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Amir-Hossein Karimi , Julius von Kügelgen , Bernhard Schölkopf , Isabel Valera

Neural networks are becoming increasingly prevalent in software, and it is therefore important to be able to verify their behavior. Because verifying the correctness of neural networks is extremely challenging, it is common to focus on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-19 Ravi Mangal , Aditya V. Nori , Alessandro Orso

Recommender systems play an essential role in the choices people make in domains such as entertainment, shopping, food, news, employment, and education. The machine learning models underlying these recommender systems are often enormously…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Sahil Verma , Ashudeep Singh , Varich Boonsanong , John P. Dickerson , Chirag Shah