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The past two decades have seen significant successes in our understanding of complex networked systems, from the mapping of real-world social, biological and technological networks to the establishment of generative models recovering their…

Simplicial complexes are generalized network structures able to encode interactions occurring between more than two nodes. Simplicial complexes describe a large variety of complex interacting systems ranging from brain networks, to social…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-06-22 Owen T. Courtney , Ginestra Bianconi

Hierarchical networks actually have many applications in the real world. Firstly, we propose a new class of hierarchical networks with scale-free and fractal structure, which are the networks with triangles compared to traditional…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-11-23 Jia-Bao Liu , Yan Bao , Wu-Ting Zheng

Simplicial complexes describe collaboration networks, protein interaction networks and brain networks and in general network structures in which the interactions can include more than two nodes. In real applications, often simplicial…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-06-21 Owen T. Courtney , Ginestra Bianconi

A large variety of interacting complex systems are characterized by interactions occurring between more than two nodes. These systems are described by simplicial complexes. Simplicial complexes are formed by simplices (nodes, links,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-05-04 Ginestra Bianconi , Christoph Rahmede

We introduce a simple one-parameter network growth algorithm which is able to reproduce a wide variety of realistic network structures but without having to invoke any global information about node degrees such as preferential-attachment…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 David M. D. Smith , Chiu Fan Lee , Neil F. Johnson

Recently there has been an increasing interest in studying dynamical processes on networks exhibiting higher-order structures, such as simplicial complexes, where the dynamics acts above and beyond dyadic interactions. Using simulations or…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-09-25 István Z. Kiss , Iacopo Iacopini , Péter L. Simon , Nicos Georgiou

In the context of growing networks, we introduce a simple dynamical model that unifies the generic features of real networks: scale-free distribution of degree and the small world effect. While the average shortest path length increases…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-11-07 Konstantin Klemm , Victor M. Eguiluz

Real world networks have, for a long time, been modelled by scale-free networks, which have many sparsely connected nodes and a few highly connected ones (the hubs). However, both in society and in biology, a new structure must be…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2019-05-10 R. Vilela Mendes

There is increasing evidence that dense networks occur in on-line social networks, recommendation networks and in the brain. In addition to being dense, these networks are often also scale-free, i.e. their degree distributions follow…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-05-16 Owen T. Courtney , Ginestra Bianconi

We extend the standard scale-free network model to include a ``triad formation step''. We analyze the geometric properties of networks generated by this algorithm both analytically and by numerical calculations, and find that our model…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-07 Petter Holme , Beom Jun Kim

Network science is a powerful framework allowing to model complex systems, it is capable to describe and take into account the intricate web of connections existing among the constituting basic element of the system. Recently scholars have…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-19 Diego Febbe , Duccio Fanelli , Timoteo Carletti

We propose a model for growing networks based on a finite memory of the nodes. The model shows stylized features of real-world networks: power law distribution of degree, linear preferential attachment of new links and a negative…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-11-07 Konstantin Klemm , Victor M. Eguiluz

Many real-world networks have properties of small-world networks, with clustered local neighborhoods and low average-shortest path (ASP). They may also show a scale-free degree distribution, which can be generated by growth and preferential…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Marcus Kaiser , Claus C. Hilgetag

One of the main characteristics of real-world networks is their large clustering. Clustering is one aspect of a more general but much less studied structural organization of networks, i.e. edge multiplicity, defined as the number of…

Physics and Society · Physics 2012-01-31 Vinko Zlatic , Diego Garlaschelli , Guido Caldarelli

Real-world growth processes and scalings have been broadly categorized into three growth regimes with distinctly different properties and driving forces. The first two are characterized by a positive and constant feedback between growth and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-03-20 Alain Govaert , André Teixeira , Emma Tegling

Real complex systems are not rigidly structured; no clear rules or blueprints exist for their construction. Yet, amidst their apparent randomness, complex structural properties universally emerge. We propose that an important class of…

A large number of complex networks, both natural and artificial, share the presence of highly heterogeneous, scale-free degree distributions. A few mechanisms for the emergence of such patterns have been suggested, optimization not being…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-07 S. Valverde , R. Ferrer i Cancho , R. V. Sole

A central claim in modern network science is that real-world networks are typically "scale free," meaning that the fraction of nodes with degree $k$ follows a power law, decaying like $k^{-\alpha}$, often with $2 < \alpha < 3$. However,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-03-19 Anna D. Broido , Aaron Clauset

Fractals represent one of the fundamental manifestations of complexity, and fractal networks serve as tools for characterizing and investigating the fractal structures and properties of large-scale systems. Higher-order networks have…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-01 Lin Qi , Jiaxin Zhang
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