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Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated excellent performance, inspiring researchers to explore their use in automating register transfer level (RTL) code generation and improving hardware design efficiency. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Peiyang Wu , Nan Guo , Xiao Xiao , Wenming Li , Xiaochun Ye , Dongrui Fan

High-level synthesis (HLS) accelerates hardware design by enabling the automatic translation of high-level descriptions into efficient hardware implementations. However, debugging HLS code is a challenging and labor-intensive task,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Jing Wang , Shang Liu , Yao Lu , Zhiyao Xie

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) enables rapid prototyping of complex hardware designs by translating C or C++ code to low-level RTL code. However, the testing and evaluation of HLS designs still typically rely on slow RTL-level simulators that…

Performance · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Rishov Sarkar , Rachel Paul , Cong Hao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional coding capability. However, as another critical component of programming proficiency, the debugging capability of LLMs remains relatively unexplored. Previous evaluations of LLMs'…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Runchu Tian , Yining Ye , Yujia Qin , Xin Cong , Yankai Lin , Yinxu Pan , Yesai Wu , Haotian Hui , Weichuan Liu , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Test generation has been a critical and labor-intensive process in hardware design verification. Recently, the emergence of Large Language Model (LLM) with their advanced understanding and inference capabilities, has introduced a novel…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Ruiyang Ma , Yuxin Yang , Ziqian Liu , Jiaxi Zhang , Min Li , Junhua Huang , Guojie Luo

This work investigates the potential of tailoring Large Language Models (LLMs), specifically GPT3.5 and GPT4, for the domain of chip testing. A key aspect of chip design is functional testing, which relies on testbenches to evaluate the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Jitendra Bhandari , Johann Knechtel , Ramesh Narayanaswamy , Siddharth Garg , Ramesh Karri

With Large Language Models (LLMs) recently demonstrating impressive proficiency in code generation, it is promising to extend their abilities to Hardware Description Language (HDL). However, LLMs tend to generate single HDL code blocks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Jinwei Tang , Jiayin Qin , Kiran Thorat , Chen Zhu-Tian , Yu Cao , Yang , Zhao , Caiwen Ding

Large language models (LLMs) are being increasingly integrated into practical hardware and firmware development pipelines for code generation. Existing studies have primarily focused on evaluating the functional correctness of LLM-generated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Qirui Chen , Jingxian Shuai , Shuangwu Chen , Shenghao Ye , Zijian Wen , Xufei Su , Jie Jin , Jiangming Li , Jun Chen , Xiaobin Tan , Jian Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly popular for generating RTL code. However, producing error-free RTL code in a zero-shot setting remains highly challenging for even state-of-the-art LLMs, often leading to issues that…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Mubashir ul Islam , Humza Sami , Pierre-Emmanuel Gaillardon , Valerio Tenace

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) has advanced automatic code generation, yet most approaches rely on direct, single-step translation from problem descriptions to code, disregarding structured software engineering practices.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Xing Xing , Wei Wang , Lipeng Ma , Weidong Yang , Junjie Zheng

The design and optimization of hardware have traditionally been resource-intensive, demanding considerable expertise and dependence on established design automation tools. This paper discusses the possibility of exploiting large language…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Selim Sandal , Ismail Akturk

The rise of instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) marks a significant advancement in artificial intelligence (AI) (tailored to respond to specific prompts). Despite their popularity, applying such models to debug security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Mohammad Akyash , Hadi Mardani Kamali

High-Level Synthesis allows hardware designers to create complex RTL designs using C/C++. The traditional HLS workflow involves iterations of C/C++ simulation for partial functional verification and HLS synthesis for coarse timing…

Performance · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Rishov Sarkar , Cong Hao

Register Transfer Level (RTL) simulation is widely used in design space exploration, verification, debugging, and preliminary performance evaluation for hardware design. Among various RTL simulation approaches, software simulation is the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Lu Chen , Dingyi Zhao , Zihao Yu , Ninghui Sun , Yungang Bao

LLM-based RTL generation is an interesting research direction, as it holds the potential to liberate the least automated stage in the current chip design. However, due to the substantial semantic gap between high-level specifications and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Jianan Mu , Mingyu Shi , Yining Wang , Tianmeng Yang , Bin Sun , Xing Hu , Jing Ye , Huawei Li

Traditionally, designs are written in Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and debugged by hardware engineers. While this approach is effective, it is time-consuming and error-prone for complex designs. Large language models (LLMs)…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Shailja Thakur , Jason Blocklove , Hammond Pearce , Benjamin Tan , Siddharth Garg , Ramesh Karri

Chisel (Constructing Hardware In a Scala Embedded Language) is a broadly adopted HDL that brings object-oriented and functional programming, type-safety, and parameterization to hardware design. However, while these language features…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Raffaele Meloni , H. Peter Hofstee , Zaid Al-Ars

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) plays a crucial role in modern hardware design by transforming high-level code into optimized hardware implementations. However, progress in applying machine learning (ML) to HLS optimization has been hindered by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Zedong Peng , Zeju Li , Mingzhe Gao , Qiang Xu , Chen Zhang , Jieru Zhao

Unlike code completion, debugging requires localizing faults and applying targeted edits. We observe that frontier LLMs often regenerate correct but over-edited solutions during debugging. To evaluate how far LLMs are from precise…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Wang Bill Zhu , Miaosen Chai , Shangshang Wang , Yejia Liu , Song Bian , Honghua Dong , Willie Neiswanger , Robin Jia

The rapid evolution of Integrated Circuit (IC) development necessitates innovative methodologies such as code generation to manage complexity and increase productivity. Using the right methodology for generator development to maximize the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Johannes Schreiner , Daniel Gerl , Robert Kunzelmann , Paritosh Kumar Sinha , Wolfgang Ecker