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Exponential Linear Units (ELUs) are a useful rectifier for constructing deep learning architectures, as they may speed up and otherwise improve learning by virtue of not have vanishing gradients and by having mean activations near zero.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-04-26 Jonathan T. Barron

Object recognition is an important task for improving the ability of visual systems to perform complex scene understanding. Recently, the Exponential Linear Unit (ELU) has been proposed as a key component for managing bias shift in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-01-11 Ludovic Trottier , Philippe Giguère , Brahim Chaib-draa

We study the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) dual, an existing dual formulation for stochastic programs that reformulates non-anticipativity constraints using ReLU functions to generate tight, non-convex, and mixed-integer representable cuts.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Akul Bansal , Simge Küçükyavuz

Activation functions in neural networks are typically selected from a set of empirically validated, commonly used static functions such as ReLU, tanh, or sigmoid. However, by optimizing the shapes of a network's activation functions, we can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 William H Patty

Rectifier (ReLU) deep neural networks (DNN) and their connection with piecewise affine (PWA) functions is analyzed. The paper is an effort to find and study the possibility of representing explicit state feedback policy of model predictive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-06 Saman Fahandezh-Saadi , Masayoshi Tomizuka

The dominant paradigm in modern neural networks relies on simple, monotonically-increasing activation functions like ReLU. While effective, this paradigm necessitates large, massively-parameterized models to approximate complex functions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Shiko Kudo

We study the problem of learning optimal policy from a set of discrete treatment options using observational data. We propose a piecewise linear neural network model that can balance strong prescriptive performance and interpretability,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Wei Sun , Asterios Tsiourvas

We consider a neural network architecture with randomized features, a sign-splitter, followed by rectified linear units (ReLU). We prove that our architecture exhibits robustness to the input perturbation: the output feature of the neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-14 Arun Venkitaraman , Alireza M. Javid , Saikat Chatterjee

This paper presents sufficient conditions for the stability and $\ell_2$-gain performance of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) with ReLU activation functions. These conditions are derived by combining Lyapunov/dissipativity theory with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-15 Sahel Vahedi Noori , Bin Hu , Geir Dullerud , Peter Seiler

Pre-trained representation is one of the key elements in the success of modern deep learning. However, existing works on continual learning methods have mostly focused on learning models incrementally from scratch. In this paper, we explore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-18 Hyounguk Shon , Janghyeon Lee , Seung Hwan Kim , Junmo Kim

Activation functions (AFs) play a pivotal role in the performance of neural networks. The Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) is currently the most commonly used AF. Several replacements to ReLU have been suggested but improvements have proven…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Raz Lapid , Moshe Sipper

This article is concerned with the approximation and expressive powers of deep neural networks. This is an active research area currently producing many interesting papers. The results most commonly found in the literature prove that neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-08 I. Daubechies , R. DeVore , S. Foucart , B. Hanin , G. Petrova

We characterize the complexity of the lattice decoding problem from a neural network perspective. The notion of Voronoi-reduced basis is introduced to restrict the space of solutions to a binary set. On the one hand, this problem is shown…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Vincent Corlay , Joseph J. Boutros , Philippe Ciblat , Loïc Brunel

We study approximation and statistical learning properties of deep ReLU networks under structural assumptions that mitigate the curse of dimensionality. We prove minimax-optimal uniform approximation rates for $s$-H\"older smooth functions…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Thomas Nagler , Sophie Langer

We describe an algorithm that learns two-layer residual units using rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation: suppose the input $\mathbf{x}$ is from a distribution with support space $\mathbb{R}^d$ and the ground-truth generative model is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Zhunxuan Wang , Linyun He , Chunchuan Lyu , Shay B. Cohen

Despite recent algorithmic advances, we still lack principled ways to leverage the well-documented rescaling symmetries in ReLU neural network parameters. While two properly rescaled weights implement the same function, the training…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-24 Arthur Lebeurrier , Titouan Vayer , Rémi Gribonval

Activation functions play a key role in providing remarkable performance in deep neural networks, and the rectified linear unit (ReLU) is one of the most widely used activation functions. Various new activation functions and improvements on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Yang Liu , Jianpeng Zhang , Chao Gao , Jinghua Qu , Lixin Ji

Understanding the learning dynamics and inductive bias of neural networks (NNs) is hindered by the opacity of the relationship between NN parameters and the function represented. We propose reparametrizing ReLU NNs as continuous piecewise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Justin Sahs , Ryan Pyle , Aneel Damaraju , Josue Ortega Caro , Onur Tavaslioglu , Andy Lu , Ankit Patel

Lipschitz-constrained neural networks have many applications in machine learning. Since designing and training expressive Lipschitz-constrained networks is very challenging, there is a need for improved methods and a better theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-14 Sebastian Neumayer , Alexis Goujon , Pakshal Bohra , Michael Unser

Motivated by the growing theoretical understanding of neural networks that employ the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) as their activation function, we revisit the use of ReLU activation functions for learning implicit neural representations…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-05 Joseph Shenouda , Yamin Zhou , Robert D. Nowak
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