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Abstract reasoning is a cornerstone of human intelligence, and replicating it with artificial intelligence (AI) presents an ongoing challenge. This study focuses on efficiently solving Raven's progressive matrices (RPM), a visual test for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Michael Hersche , Francesco di Stefano , Thomas Hofmann , Abu Sebastian , Abbas Rahimi

Symbolic reasoning and neural networks are often considered incompatible approaches. Connectionist models known as Vector Symbolic Architectures (VSAs) can potentially bridge this gap. However, classical VSAs and neural networks are still…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-16 E. Paxon Frady , Denis Kleyko , Friedrich T. Sommer

This article reviews recent progress in the development of the computing framework vector symbolic architectures (VSA) (also known as hyperdimensional computing). This framework is well suited for implementation in stochastic, emerging…

The remarkable advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), primarily driven by deep neural networks, are facing challenges surrounding unsustainable computational trajectories, limited robustness, and a lack of explainability. To develop…

Neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence (NSAI) represents a transformative approach in artificial intelligence (AI) by combining deep learning's ability to handle large-scale and unstructured data with the structured reasoning of symbolic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Oualid Bougzime , Samir Jabbar , Christophe Cruz , Frédéric Demoly

A hallmark of human intelligence is the ability to infer abstract rules from limited experience and apply these rules to unfamiliar situations. This capacity is widely studied in the visual domain using the Raven's Progressive Matrices.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Quan Do , Thomas M. Morin , Chantal E. Stern , Michael E. Hasselmo

In abstract visual reasoning, monolithic deep learning models suffer from limited interpretability and generalization, while existing neuro-symbolic approaches fall short in capturing the diversity and systematicity of attributes and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Zhong-Hua Sun , Ru-Yuan Zhang , Zonglei Zhen , Da-Hui Wang , Yong-Jie Li , Xiaohong Wan , Hongzhi You

Representation is a core issue in artificial intelligence. Humans use discrete language to communicate and learn from each other, while machines use continuous features (like vector, matrix, or tensor in deep neural networks) to represent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-17 Yuqi Wang , Xu-Yao Zhang , Cheng-Lin Liu , Zhaoxiang Zhang

Integrating symbolic techniques with statistical ones is a long-standing problem in artificial intelligence. The motivation is that the strengths of either area match the weaknesses of the other, and $\unicode{x2013}$ by combining the two…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Jonathan Feldstein , Paulius Dilkas , Vaishak Belle , Efthymia Tsamoura

The ability to encode and manipulate data structures with distributed neural representations could qualitatively enhance the capabilities of traditional neural networks by supporting rule-based symbolic reasoning, a central property of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-09 E. Paxon Frady , Spencer Kent , Bruno A. Olshausen , Friedrich T. Sommer

Vector-symbolic architectures (VSAs) provide methods for computing which are highly flexible and carry unique advantages. Concepts in VSAs are represented by 'symbols,' long vectors of values which utilize properties of high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Wilkie Olin-Ammentorp Maxim Bazhenov

Analyzing a visual scene by inferring the configuration of a generative model is widely considered the most flexible and generalizable approach to scene understanding. Yet, one major problem is the computational challenge of the inference…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Alpha Renner , Lazar Supic , Andreea Danielescu , Giacomo Indiveri , Bruno A. Olshausen , Yulia Sandamirskaya , Friedrich T. Sommer , E. Paxon Frady

While achieving unmatched performance on many well-defined tasks, deep learning models have also been used to solve visual abstract reasoning tasks, which are relatively less well-defined, and have been widely used to measure human…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Yuan Yang , Deepayan Sanyal , Joel Michelson , James Ainooson , Maithilee Kunda

Dramatic progress has been witnessed in basic vision tasks involving low-level perception, such as object recognition, detection, and tracking. Unfortunately, there is still an enormous performance gap between artificial vision systems and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-08 Chi Zhang , Feng Gao , Baoxiong Jia , Yixin Zhu , Song-Chun Zhu

Vector Symbolic Architectures (VSAs) are one approach to developing Neuro-symbolic AI, where two vectors in $\mathbb{R}^d$ are `bound' together to produce a new vector in the same space. VSAs support the commutativity and associativity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Mohammad Mahmudul Alam , Alexander Oberle , Edward Raff , Stella Biderman , Tim Oates , James Holt

We marry two powerful ideas: deep representation learning for visual recognition and language understanding, and symbolic program execution for reasoning. Our neural-symbolic visual question answering (NS-VQA) system first recovers a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-16 Kexin Yi , Jiajun Wu , Chuang Gan , Antonio Torralba , Pushmeet Kohli , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

Vector Symbolic Architectures (VSAs) are high-dimensional vector representations of objects (eg., words, image parts), relations (eg., sentence structures), and sequences for use with machine learning algorithms. They consist of a vector…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-02-02 Stephen I. Gallant , T. Wendy Okaywe

Vector Symbolic Architectures (VSAs) are a powerful framework for representing compositional reasoning. They lend themselves to neural-network implementations, allowing us to create neural networks that can perform cognitive functions, like…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Jeff Orchard , Russell Jarvis

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems advance, we move towards broad AI: systems capable of performing well on diverse tasks, understanding context, and adapting rapidly to new scenarios. A central challenge for broad AI systems is to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Marius-Constantin Dinu

Vector Symbolic Architectures (VSAs) have been widely deployed in various cognitive applications due to their simple and efficient operations. The widespread adoption of VSAs has, in turn, spurred the development of numerous hardware…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Shuting Du , Mohamed Ibrahim , Zishen Wan , Luqi Zheng , Boheng Zhao , Zhenkun Fan , Che-Kai Liu , Tushar Krishna , Arijit Raychowdhury , Haitong Li
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