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Website Fingerprinting (WF) attacks can effectively identify the websites visited by Tor clients via analyzing encrypted traffic patterns. Existing attacks focus on identifying different websites, but their accuracy dramatically decreases…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Xiyuan Zhao , Xinhao Deng , Qi Li , Yunpeng Liu , Zhuotao Liu , Kun Sun , Ke Xu

Web applications are permanently being exposed to attacks that exploit their vulnerabilities. In this work we investigate the application of machine learning techniques to leverage Web Application Firewall (WAF), a technology that is used…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-03-16 Gustavo Betarte , Eduardo Giménez , Rodrigo Martínez , Álvaro Pardo

Browser fingerprinting defenses have historically focused on detecting JavaScript(JS)-based tracking techniques. However, the widespread adoption of WebAssembly (WASM) introduces a potential blind spot, as adversaries can convert JS to…

Research on backdoor attacks in Federated Learning (FL) has accelerated in recent years, with new attacks and defenses continually proposed in an escalating arms race. However, the evaluation of these methods remains neither standardized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Thinh Dao , Dung Thuy Nguyen , Khoa D Doan , Kok-Seng Wong

Website Fingerprinting attacks enable a passive eavesdropper to recover the user's otherwise anonymized web browsing activity by matching the observed traffic with prerecorded web traffic templates. The defenses that have been proposed to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-07-20 Marc Juarez , Mohsen Imani , Mike Perry , Claudia Diaz , Matthew Wright

Website fingerprinting attacks, which use statistical analysis on network traffic to compromise user privacy, have been shown to be effective even if the traffic is sent over anonymity-preserving networks such as Tor. The classical attack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-22 Anatoly Shusterman , Lachlan Kang , Yarden Haskal , Yosef Meltser , Prateek Mittal , Yossi Oren , Yuval Yarom

This work introduces a novel data augmentation method for few-shot website fingerprinting (WF) attack where only a handful of training samples per website are available for deep learning model optimization. Moving beyond earlier WF methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Mantun Chen , Yongjun Wang , Zhiquan Qin , Xiatian Zhu

Browser fingerprinting is an invasive and opaque stateless tracking technique. Browser vendors, academics, and standards bodies have long struggled to provide meaningful protections against browser fingerprinting that are both accurate and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-12 Umar Iqbal , Steven Englehardt , Zubair Shafiq

Website fingerprinting (WF) attacks remain a significant threat to encrypted traffic, prompting the development of a wide range of defenses. Among these, two prominent classes are regularization-based defenses, which shape traffic using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Khashayar Khajavi , Tao Wang

In recent years, there have been several works that use website fingerprinting techniques to enable a local adversary to determine which website a Tor user visits. While the current state-of-the-art attack, which uses deep learning,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-07-25 Sanjit Bhat , David Lu , Albert Kwon , Srinivas Devadas

As advances in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) demonstrate unprecedented levels of performance in many critical applications, their vulnerability to attacks is still an open question. We consider evasion attacks at testing time against Deep…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Alesia Chernikova , Alina Oprea

Browser fingerprinting often provides an attractive alternative to third-party cookies for tracking users across the web. In fact, the increasing restrictions on third-party cookies placed by common web browsers and recent regulations like…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Meenatchi Sundaram Muthu Selva Annamalai , Igor Bilogrevic , Emiliano De Cristofaro

Browser fingerprinting enables persistent cross-site user tracking via subtle techniques that often evade conventional defenses or cause website breakage when script-level blocking countermeasures are applied. Addressing these challenges…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Pouneh Nikkhah Bahrami , Dylan Cutler , Igor Bilogrevic

Users' website browsing history contains sensitive information, like health conditions, political interests, financial situations, etc. Some recent studies have demonstrated the possibility of inferring website fingerprints based on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Han Wang

Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) have been introduced as essential and popular security gates that inspect incoming HTTP traffic to filter out malicious requests and provide defenses against a diverse array of web-based threats. Evading…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Seyed Ali Akhavani , Bahruz Jabiyev , Ben Kallus , Cem Topcuoglu , Sergey Bratus , Engin Kirda

Federated learning is a distributed learning technique where machine learning models are trained on client devices in which the local training data resides. The training is coordinated via a central server which is, typically, controlled by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Buse Gul Atli , Yuxi Xia , Samuel Marchal , N. Asokan

Device fingerprinting combined with Machine and Deep Learning (ML/DL) report promising performance when detecting cyberattacks targeting data managed by resource-constrained spectrum sensors. However, the amount of data needed to train…

Website Fingerprinting (WFP) has traditionally focused on inferring which website a user visits from encrypted traffic metadata such as packet sizes and timing. In this paper, we identify and quantify a new privacy risk in modern web…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Chuxu Song , Hao Wang , Richard Martin

Thousands of vulnerabilities are reported on a monthly basis to security repositories, such as the National Vulnerability Database. Among these vulnerabilities, software misconfiguration is one of the top 10 security risks for web…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-03 Carlos Diego Nascimento Damasceno , Daniel Strüber

The uses of Machine Learning (ML) in detection of network attacks have been effective when designed and evaluated in a single organisation. However, it has been very challenging to design an ML-based detection system by utilising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Mohanad Sarhan , Siamak Layeghy , Nour Moustafa , Marius Portmann