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Do neural networks learn to implement algorithms such as look-ahead or search "in the wild"? Or do they rely purely on collections of simple heuristics? We present evidence of learned look-ahead in the policy network of Leela Chess Zero,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Erik Jenner , Shreyas Kapur , Vasil Georgiev , Cameron Allen , Scott Emmons , Stuart Russell

Language models have shown unprecedented capabilities, sparking debate over the source of their performance. Is it merely the outcome of learning syntactic patterns and surface level statistics, or do they extract semantics and a world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Adam Karvonen

OthelloGPT, a transformer trained to predict valid moves in Othello, provides an ideal testbed for interpretability research. The model is complex enough to exhibit rich computational patterns, yet grounded in rule-based game logic that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Aditya Singh , Zihang Wen , Srujananjali Medicherla , Adam Karvonen , Can Rager

Tsetlin Machines (TMs) have garnered increasing interest for their ability to learn concepts via propositional formulas and their proven efficiency across various application domains. Despite this, the convergence proof for the TMs,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Mohamed-Bachir Belaid , Jivitesh Sharma , Lei Jiao , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Per-Arne Andersen , Anis Yazidi

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in high-stakes domains, their ability to reason strategically under uncertainty becomes critical. Poker provides a rigorous testbed, requiring not only strong actions but also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Minhua Lin , Enyan Dai , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Yuliang Yan , Zhenwei Dai , Jingying Zeng , Zhiwei Zhang , Fali Wang , Hongcheng Gao , Chen Luo , Xiang Zhang , Qi He , Suhang Wang

Explainability for Large Language Model (LLM) agents is especially challenging in interactive, partially observable settings, where decisions depend on evolving beliefs and other agents. We present \textbf{TriEx}, a tri-view explainability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Ziyi Wang , Chen Zhang , Wenjun Peng , Qi Wu , Xinyu Wang

There is a growing concern about typically opaque decision-making with high-performance machine learning algorithms. Providing an explanation of the reasoning process in domain-specific terms can be crucial for adoption in risk-sensitive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Aditya Chattopadhyay , Stewart Slocum , Benjamin D. Haeffele , Rene Vidal , Donald Geman

The increasing number of spectators and players in e-sports, along with the development of optimized communication solutions and cloud computing technology, has motivated the constant growth of the online game industry. Even though…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Silvia García-Méndez , Francisco de Arriba-Pérez

The PC algorithm is a widely used method in causal inference for learning the structure of Bayesian networks. Despite its popularity, the PC algorithm suffers from significant time complexity, particularly as the size of the dataset…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Kunal Dumbre , Lei Jiao , Ole-Christoffer Granmo

Advancing planning and reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) is one of the key prerequisites towards unlocking their potential for performing reliably in complex and impactful domains. In this paper, we aim to demonstrate…

Contemporary chess engines offer precise yet opaque evaluations, typically expressed as centipawn scores. While effective for decision-making, these outputs obscure the underlying contributions of individual pieces or patterns. In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Francesco Spinnato

Small additive ensembles of symbolic rules offer interpretable prediction models. Traditionally, these ensembles use rule conditions based on conjunctions of simple threshold propositions $x \geq t$ on a single input variable $x$ and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Shahrzad Behzadimanesh , Pierre Le Bodic , Geoffrey I. Webb , Mario Boley

Effectiveness and interpretability are two essential properties for trustworthy AI systems. Most recent studies in visual reasoning are dedicated to improving the accuracy of predicted answers, and less attention is paid to explaining the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Shi Chen , Qi Zhao

Hex is a well known connection game in which two players attempt to connect opposite sides of the board by colored stones. In 2022, Hamkins and Leonessi introduced an infinite version, in which the goal is to construct a certain kind of…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-10-13 Ilkka Törmä

Robots that interact with humans in a physical space or application need to think about the person's posture, which typically comes from visual sensors like cameras and infra-red. Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms use…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Richard G. Freedman , Joseph B. Mueller , Jack Ladwig , Steven Johnston , David McDonald , Helen Wauck , Ruta Wheelock , Hayley Borck

Human vision is able to compensate imperfections in sensory inputs from the real world by reasoning based on prior knowledge about the world. Machine learning has had a significant impact on computer vision due to its inherent ability in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Briti Gangopadhyay , Somnath Hazra , Pallab Dasgupta

How do sequence models represent their decision-making process? Prior work suggests that Othello-playing neural network learned nonlinear models of the board state (Li et al., 2023). In this work, we provide evidence of a closely related…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Neel Nanda , Andrew Lee , Martin Wattenberg

Predictive modeling on tabular data is the cornerstone of many real-world applications. Although gradient boosting machines and some recent deep models achieve strong performance on tabular data, they often lack interpretability. On the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Tommy Xu , Zhitian Zhang , Xiangyu Sun , Lauren Kelly Zung , Hossein Hajimirsadeghi , Greg Mori

We provide a learning-based technique for guessing a winning strategy in a parity game originating from an LTL synthesis problem. A cheaply obtained guess can be useful in several applications. Not only can the guessed strategy be applied…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Jan Kretinsky , Tobias Meggendorfer , Maximilian Prokop , Sabine Rieder

Tsetlin machine (TM) is a logic-based machine learning approach with the crucial advantages of being transparent and hardware-friendly. While TMs match or surpass deep learning accuracy for an increasing number of applications, large clause…