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Quantum computers have rapidly improved in scale and fidelity, yet access to large systems remains limited for most researchers. This makes accurate and scalable noisy quantum simulation essential. While density matrix simulation provides…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Siddharth Dangwal , Tina Oberoi , Ajay Sailopal , Dhirpal Shah , Frederic T. Chong

We consider the learnability of the quantum neural network (QNN) built on the variational hybrid quantum-classical scheme, which remains largely unknown due to the non-convex optimization landscape, the measurement error, and the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-27 Yuxuan Du , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Tongliang Liu , Shan You , Dacheng Tao

Noisy, intermediate-scale quantum computers come with intrinsic limitations in terms of the number of qubits (circuit "width") and decoherence time (circuit "depth") they can have. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate a recently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-02 Thomas Ayral , François-Marie Le Régent , Zain Saleem , Yuri Alexeev , Martin Suchara

One of the outstanding challenges in contemporary science and technology is building a quantum computer that is useful in applications. By starting from an estimate of the algorithm success rate, we can explicitly connect gate fidelity to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 R. Barends , F. K. Wilhelm

The increasing control complexity of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) systems underlines the necessity of integrating quantum hardware with quantum software. While mapping heterogeneous quantum-classical computing (HQCC) algorithms…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-10 The Quingo Development Team

Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) machines are not fault-tolerant, operate few qubits (currently, less than hundred), but are capable of executing interesting computations. Above the quantum supremacy threshold (approx. 60 qubits),…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-31 Alexandru Paler

Neutral atom Quantum Processing Units (QPUs) are emerging as a popular quantum computing technology due to their large qubit counts and flexible connectivity. However, performance challenges arise as large circuits experience significant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Francisco Romão , Daniel Vonk , Emmanuil Giortamis , Dennis Sprokholt , Pramod Bhatotia

Despite the mounting anticipation for the quantum revolution, the success of Quantum Machine Learning (QML) in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era hinges on a largely unexplored factor: the generalization error bound, a…

Due to the immense potential of quantum computers and the significant computing overhead required in machine learning applications, the variational quantum classifier (VQC) has received a lot of interest recently for image classification.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-20 Ruiyang Qin , Zhiding Liang , Jinglei Cheng , Peter Kogge , Yiyu Shi

Hybrid classical quantum learning is often bottlenecked by communication overhead and approximation error from generic variational ansatzes. In this study, we introduce Neural Native Quantum Arithmetic (NNQA), which compiles classically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Ziqing Guo , Jie Li , Yong Chen , Ziwen Pan

This paper presents the benchmark score definitions of QPack, an application-oriented cross-platform benchmarking suite for quantum computers and simulators, which makes use of scalable Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-25 Huub Donkers , Koen Mesman , Zaid Al-Ars , Matthias Möller

Quantum systems are inherently open and susceptible to environmental noise, which can have both detrimental and beneficial effects on their dynamics. This phenomenon has been observed in bio-molecular systems, where noise enables novel…

Current quantum devices have unutilized high-level quantum resources. More and more attention has been paid to the qudit quantum systems with larger than two dimensions to maximize the potential computing power of quantum computation. Then,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-18 Shuai Yang , Lihao Xu , Guojing Tian , Xiaoming Sun

Benchmarking quantum computers helps to quantify them and bringing the technology to the market. Various application-level metrics exist to benchmark a quantum device at an application level. This paper presents a revised holistic scoring…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-07 Koen J. Mesman , Ward van der Schoot , Matthias Möller , Niels M. P. Neumann

Quantum memory -- the capacity to store and faithfully recover unknown quantum states -- is essential for quantum-enhanced technology. There is thus a pressing need for operationally meaningful means to benchmark candidate memories across…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-23 Xiao Yuan , Yunchao Liu , Qi Zhao , Bartosz Regula , Jayne Thompson , Mile Gu

Quantum devices in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era are limited by high error rates and short decoherence times. Typically, compiler optimisations have provided solutions at the gate level. Alternatively, we exploit the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-16 Lilian Hunt Alan Robertson

In this work we introduce an open source suite of quantum application-oriented performance benchmarks that is designed to measure the effectiveness of quantum computing hardware at executing quantum applications. These benchmarks probe a…

Layout synthesis, an important step in quantum computing, processes quantum circuits to satisfy device layout constraints. In this paper, we construct QUEKO benchmarks for this problem, which have known optimal depths and gate counts. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-03 Bochen Tan , Jason Cong

Quantum computing has tremendous potential to overcome some of the fundamental limitations present in classical information processing. Yet, today's technological limitations in the quality and scaling prevent exploiting its full potential.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-23 Leonid Abdurakhimov , Janos Adam , Hasnain Ahmad , Olli Ahonen , Manuel Algaba , Guillermo Alonso , Ville Bergholm , Rohit Beriwal , Matthias Beuerle , Clinton Bockstiegel , Alessio Calzona , Chun Fai Chan , Daniele Cucurachi , Saga Dahl , Rakhim Davletkaliyev , Olexiy Fedorets , Alejandro Gomez Frieiro , Zheming Gao , Johan Guldmyr , Andrew Guthrie , Juha Hassel , Hermanni Heimonen , Johannes Heinsoo , Tuukka Hiltunen , Keiran Holland , Juho Hotari , Hao Hsu , Antti Huhtala , Eric Hyyppä , Aleksi Hämäläinen , Joni Ikonen , Sinan Inel , David Janzso , Teemu Jaakkola , Mate Jenei , Shan Jolin , Kristinn Juliusson , Jaakko Jussila , Shabeeb Khalid , Seung-Goo Kim , Miikka Koistinen , Roope Kokkoniemi , Anton Komlev , Caspar Ockeloen-Korppi , Otto Koskinen , Janne Kotilahti , Toivo Kuisma , Vladimir Kukushkin , Kari Kumpulainen , Ilari Kuronen , Joonas Kylmälä , Niclas Lamponen , Julia Lamprich , Alessandro Landra , Martin Leib , Tianyi Li , Per Liebermann , Aleksi Lintunen , Wei Liu , Jürgen Luus , Fabian Marxer , Arianne Meijer-van de Griend , Kunal Mitra , Jalil Khatibi Moqadam , Jakub Mrożek , Henrikki Mäkynen , Janne Mäntylä , Tiina Naaranoja , Francesco Nappi , Janne Niemi , Lucas Ortega , Mario Palma , Miha Papič , Matti Partanen , Jari Penttilä , Alexander Plyushch , Wei Qiu , Aniket Rath , Kari Repo , Tomi Riipinen , Jussi Ritvas , Pedro Figueroa Romero , Jarkko Ruoho , Jukka Räbinä , Sampo Saarinen , Indrajeet Sagar , Hayk Sargsyan , Matthew Sarsby , Niko Savola , Mykhailo Savytskyi , Ville Selinmaa , Pavel Smirnov , Marco Marín Suárez , Linus Sundström , Sandra Słupińska , Eelis Takala , Ivan Takmakov , Brian Tarasinski , Manish Thapa , Jukka Tiainen , Francesca Tosto , Jani Tuorila , Carlos Valenzuela , David Vasey , Edwin Vehmaanperä , Antti Vepsäläinen , Aapo Vienamo , Panu Vesanen , Alpo Välimaa , Jaap Wesdorp , Nicola Wurz , Elisabeth Wybo , Lily Yang , Ali Yurtalan

The Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) is a promising quantum algorithm for applications in chemistry within the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era. The ability for a quantum computer to simulate electronic structures with high…