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We study optimal variance reduction solutions for count and ratio metrics in online controlled experiments. Our methods leverage flexible machine learning tools to incorporate covariates that are independent from the treatment but have…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-05 Ying Jin , Shan Ba

Stepped-wedge cluster randomized trials (SW-CRTs) evaluate interventions rolled out across clusters over time. Standard analyses typically use immediate-treatment (IT) models, which assume effects begin at crossover and remain constant…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-21 Yongdong Ouyang , Monica Taljaard , James P. Hughes , Fan Li

Covariate adjustment is widely recommended to improve statistical efficiency in randomized clinical trials (RCTs), yet empirical evidence comparing available strategies remains limited. This lack of real-world evaluation leaves unresolved…

Applications · Statistics 2026-02-03 Yulin Shao , Liangbo Lyu , Menggang Yu , Bingkai Wang

In stepped wedge cluster randomized trials (SW-CRTs), observations collected under the control condition are, on average, from an earlier time than observations collected under the intervention condition. In a cohort design, participants…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-23 Jale Basten , Katja Ickstadt , Nina Timmesfeld

Observed events in recommendation are consequence of the decisions made by a policy, thus they are usually selectively labeled, namely the data are Missing Not At Random (MNAR), which often causes large bias to the estimate of true outcomes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Zifeng Wang , Xi Chen , Rui Wen , Shao-Lun Huang

The Minimum Covariance Determinant (MCD) approach robustly estimates the location and scatter matrix using the subset of given size with lowest sample covariance determinant. Its main drawback is that it cannot be applied when the dimension…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-01-13 Kris Boudt , Peter J. Rousseeuw , Steven Vanduffel , Tim Verdonck

A practical limitation of cluster randomized controlled trials (cRCTs) is that the number of available clusters may be small, resulting in an increased risk of baseline imbalance under simple randomization. Constrained randomization…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-01-19 Yunji Zhou , Elizabeth L. Turner , Ryan A. Simmons , Fan Li

Background: Stepped wedge cluster randomized trials (SW-CRTs) involve sequential measurements within clusters over time. Initially, all clusters start in the control condition before crossing over to the intervention on a staggered…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-21 Jale Basten , Katja Ickstadt , Nina Timmesfeld

We present a practical approach for computing the sandwich variance estimator in two-stage regression model settings. As a motivating example for two-stage regression, we consider regression calibration, a popular approach for addressing…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-22 Lillian A. Boe , Thomas Lumley , Pamela A. Shaw

Paired cluster-randomized experiments (pCRTs) are common across many disciplines because there is often natural clustering of individuals, and paired randomization can help balance baseline covariates to improve experimental precision.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-03 Charlotte Z. Mann , Adam C. Sales , Johann A. Gagnon-Bartsch

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) are the current gold standards to empirically measure the effect of a new drug. However, they may be of limited size and resorting to complementary non-randomized data, referred to as observational, is…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-11 Ahmed Boughdiri , Julie Josse , Erwan Scornet

Binary endpoints are common in clinical trials and conditional odds ratios have traditionally been used to assess treatment effects. However, the interpretation of odds ratios is difficult, they are non-collapsible and rely on strong…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-20 Martin Schnuerch , Alex Ocampo , Klaus Kähler Holst , Christian Stock

In stepped wedge cluster randomized trials (SW-CRTs), interventions are sequentially rolled out to clusters over multiple periods. It is common practice to analyze SW-CRTs using discrete-time linear mixed models, in which measurements are…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-25 Hao Wang , Guangyu Tong , Heather Allore , Monica Taljaard , Fan Li

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for evaluating the causal effect of a treatment; however, they often have limited sample sizes and sometimes poor generalizability. On the other hand, non-randomized, observational…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-09-23 Shuxiao Chen , Bo Zhang , Ting Ye

Epidemiologic studies often evaluate the association between an exposure and an event risk. When time-varying, exposure updates usually occur at discrete visits although changes are in continuous time and survival models require values to…

Causal mediation analysis in cluster-randomized trials (CRTs) is complicated by the presence of multiple mediators, intracluster correlation, and within-cluster interference. Existing mediation methods often fall short in accommodating…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-14 Jiaqi Tong , Chao Cheng , Fan Li

Longitudinal cluster randomized trials (L-CRTs) are increasingly used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of healthcare interventions across multiple assessment periods, yet design methods for powering these trials remain underdeveloped.…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-20 Hao Wang , Jingxia Liu , Drew B. Cameron , Jiaqi Tong , Donna Spiegelman , Daniella Meeker , Fan Li

Spectral clustering methods which are frequently used in clustering and community detection applications are sensitive to the specific graph constructions particularly when imbalanced clusters are present. We show that ratio cut (RCut) or…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-11-18 Cem Aksoylar , Jing Qian , Venkatesh Saligrama

Medical studies that depend on electronic health records (EHR) data are often subject to measurement error, as the data are not collected to support research questions under study. These data errors, if not accounted for in study analyses,…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-03-10 Eric J. Oh , Bryan E. Shepherd , Thomas Lumley , Pamela A. Shaw

Contextual sensing and delivery of digital interventions to improve health outcomes have gained significant traction in behavioral and psychiatric studies. Micro-randomized trials (MRTs) are a common experimental design for obtaining…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-01 Jieru Shi , Zhenke Wu , Walter Dempsey