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Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has helped elucidate the internal mechanisms of machine learning algorithms, bolstering their reliability by demonstrating the basis of their predictions. Several XAI models consider causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Daisuke Takahashi , Shohei Shimizu , Takuma Tanaka

Counterfactual explanations have emerged as a popular solution for the eXplainable AI (XAI) problem of elucidating the predictions of black-box deep-learning systems due to their psychological validity, flexibility across problem domains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Eoin Delaney , Arjun Pakrashi , Derek Greene , Mark T. Keane

Counterfactual explanations are viewed as an effective way to explain machine learning predictions. This interest is reflected by a relatively young literature with already dozens of algorithms aiming to generate such explanations. These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Raphael Mazzine , David Martens

The imminent need to interpret the output of a Machine Learning model with counterfactual (CF) explanations - via small perturbations to the input - has been notable in the research community. Although the variety of CF examples is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Kleopatra Markou , Dimitrios Tomaras , Vana Kalogeraki , Dimitrios Gunopulos

Counterfactual explanations are increasingly used as an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) technique to provide stakeholders of complex machine learning algorithms with explanations for data-driven decisions. The popularity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Dieter Brughmans , Lissa Melis , David Martens

Counterfactual explanations have emerged as a prominent method in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), providing intuitive and actionable insights into Machine Learning model decisions. In contrast to other traditional feature…

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a pivotal research domain aimed at understanding the operational mechanisms of AI systems, particularly those considered ``black boxes'' due to their complex, opaque nature. XAI seeks to make…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 José Daniel Pascual-Triana , Alberto Fernández , Javier Del Ser , Francisco Herrera

As machine learning and deep learning models have become highly prevalent in a multitude of domains, the main reservation in their adoption for decision-making processes is their black-box nature. The Explainable Artificial Intelligence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Omar Bahri , Soukaina Filali Boubrahimi , Shah Muhammad Hamdi

Explainable AI (XAI) is an increasingly important area of machine learning research, which aims to make black-box models transparent and interpretable. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to XAI that uses the so-called counterfactual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Bastian Pfeifer , Mateusz Krzyzinski , Hubert Baniecki , Anna Saranti , Andreas Holzinger , Przemyslaw Biecek

The accuracy and understandability of bank failure prediction models are crucial. While interpretable models like logistic regression are favored for their explainability, complex models such as random forest, support vector machines, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Seyma Gunonu , Gizem Altun , Mustafa Cavus

Machine learning (ML) applications have automated numerous real-life tasks, improving both private and public life. However, the black-box nature of many state-of-the-art models poses the challenge of model verification; how can one be sure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Ioannis Papantonis , Vaishak Belle

There has been a recent resurgence of interest in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) that aims to reduce the opaqueness of AI-based decision-making systems, allowing humans to scrutinize and trust them. Prior work in this context has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-24 Sainyam Galhotra , Romila Pradhan , Babak Salimi

Counterfactual explanations for black-box models aim to pr ovide insight into an algorithmic decision to its recipient. For a binary classification problem an individual counterfactual details which features might be changed for the model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-29 James M. Adams , Gesine Reinert , Lukasz Szpruch , Carsten Maple , Andrew Elliott

Explainable AI (xAI) interventions aim to improve interpretability for complex black-box models, not only to improve user trust but also as a means to extract scientific insights from high-performing predictive systems. In molecular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Jonas Teufel , Annika Leinweber , Pascal Friederich

Recently, counterfactuals using "if-only" explanations have become very popular in eXplainable AI (XAI), as they describe which changes to feature-inputs of a black-box AI system result in changes to a (usually negative) decision-outcome.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Saugat Aryal , Mark T. Keane

As artificial intelligence plays an increasingly important role in our society, there are ethical and moral obligations for both businesses and researchers to ensure that their machine learning models are designed, deployed, and maintained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Shubham Sharma , Jette Henderson , Joydeep Ghosh

Counterfactual explanations are widely used to interpret machine learning predictions by identifying minimal changes to input features that would alter a model's decision. However, most existing counterfactual methods have not been tested…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Leonidas Christodoulou , Chang Sun

Counterfactual explanations are increasingly used to address interpretability, recourse, and bias in AI decisions. However, we do not know how well counterfactual explanations help users to understand a systems decisions, since no large…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Greta Warren , Mark T Keane , Ruth M J Byrne

Recently, a groundswell of research has identified the use of counterfactual explanations as a potentially significant solution to the Explainable AI (XAI) problem. It is argued that (a) technically, these counterfactual cases can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-29 Mark T. Keane , Barry Smyth

With the rising need of interpretable machine learning methods, there is a necessity for a rise in human effort to provide diverse explanations of the influencing factors of the model decisions. To improve the trust and transparency of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Peiyu Li , Soukaina Filali Boubrahimi , Shah Muhammad Hamdi
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