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Recognizing handwritten mathematics is a challenging classification problem, requiring simultaneous identification of all the symbols comprising an input as well as the complex two-dimensional relationships between symbols and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-09-19 Scott MacLean , George Labahn

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition is a challenging problem due to the complicated two-dimensional structures, ambiguous handwriting input and variant scales of handwritten math symbols. To settle this problem, we utilize the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-01 Jianshu Zhang , Jun Du , Lirong Dai

Encoder-decoder models have made great progress on handwritten mathematical expression recognition recently. However, it is still a challenge for existing methods to assign attention to image features accurately. Moreover, those…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Wenqi Zhao , Liangcai Gao , Zuoyu Yan , Shuai Peng , Lin Du , Ziyin Zhang

The Transformer architecture is shown to provide a powerful framework as an end-to-end model for building expression trees from online handwritten gestures corresponding to glyph strokes. In particular, the attention mechanism was…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Mirco Ramo , Guénolé C. M. Silvestre

This work proposes an attention-based sequence-to-sequence model for handwritten word recognition and explores transfer learning for data-efficient training of HTR systems. To overcome training data scarcity, this work leverages models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Dmitrijs Kass , Ekta Vats

In this paper, we propose a novel stroke constrained attention network (SCAN) which treats stroke as the basic unit for encoder-decoder based online handwritten mathematical expression recognition (HMER). Unlike previous methods which use…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Jiaming Wang , Jun Du , Jianshu Zhang

Recognition of Handwritten Mathematical Expressions (HMEs) is a challenging problem because of the ambiguity and complexity of two-dimensional handwriting. Moreover, the lack of large training data is a serious issue, especially for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Anh Duc Le , Bipin Indurkhya , Masaki Nakagawa

We propose a Graph Neural Network (GNN)-based approach for Handwritten Mathematical Expression (HME) recognition by modeling HMEs as graphs, where nodes represent symbols and edges capture spatial dependencies. A deep BLSTM network is used…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Cuong Tuan Nguyen , Ngoc Tuan Nguyen , Triet Hoang Minh Dao , Huy Minh Nhat , Huy Truong Dinh

This paper proposes a method for recognizing online handwritten mathematical expressions (OnHME) by building a symbol relation tree (SRT) directly from a sequence of strokes. A bidirectional recurrent neural network learns from multiple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Thanh-Nghia Truong , Hung Tuan Nguyen , Cuong Tuan Nguyen , Masaki Nakagawa

Symbolic Music Emotion Recognition(SMER) is to predict music emotion from symbolic data, such as MIDI and MusicXML. Previous work mainly focused on learning better representation via (mask) language model pre-training but ignored the…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Jibao Qiu , C. L. Philip Chen , Tong Zhang

Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) methods have made remarkable progress, with most existing HMER approaches based on either a hybrid CNN/RNN-based with GRU architecture or Transformer architectures. Each of these has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Kehua Chen , Haoyang Shen , Lifan Zhong , Mingyi Chen

This paper presents a temporal classification method for all three subtasks of symbol segmentation, symbol recognition and relation classification in online handwritten mathematical expressions (HMEs). The classification model is trained by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Cuong Tuan Nguyen , Thanh-Nghia Truong , Hung Tuan Nguyen , Masaki Nakagawa

In this paper, we study semi-supervised Handwritten Mathematical Expression Recognition (HMER) via exploring both labeled data and extra unlabeled data. We propose a novel consistency regularization framework, termed SemiHMER, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Kehua Chen , Haoyang Shen

The task of Named Entity Recognition (NER) is an important component of many natural language processing systems, such as relation extraction and knowledge graph construction. In this work, we present a simple and effective approach for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Urchade Zaratiana , Pierre Holat , Nadi Tomeh , Thierry Charnois

Handwritten mathematical expression recognition aims to automatically generate LaTeX sequences from given images. Currently, attention-based encoder-decoder models are widely used in this task. They typically generate target sequences in a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Xiaohang Bian , Bo Qin , Xiaozhe Xin , Jianwu Li , Xuefeng Su , Yanfeng Wang

Recognition of handwritten mathematical expressions allows to transfer scientific notes into their digital form. It facilitates the sharing, searching, and preservation of scientific information. We introduce MathWriting, the largest online…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Philippe Gervais , Anastasiia Fadeeva , Andrii Maksai

The paper approaches the task of handwritten text recognition (HTR) with attentional encoder-decoder networks trained on sequences of characters, rather than words. We experiment on lines of text from popular handwriting datasets and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Jason Poulos , Rafael Valle

Printed mathematical expression recognition (MER) models are usually trained and tested using LaTeX-generated mathematical expressions (MEs) as input and the LaTeX source code as ground truth. As the same ME can be generated by various…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Felix M. Schmitt-Koopmann , Elaine M. Huang , Hans-Peter Hutter , Thilo Stadelmann , Alireza Darvishy

In this paper, we propose MMER, a novel Multimodal Multi-task learning approach for Speech Emotion Recognition. MMER leverages a novel multimodal network based on early-fusion and cross-modal self-attention between text and acoustic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Sreyan Ghosh , Utkarsh Tyagi , S Ramaneswaran , Harshvardhan Srivastava , Dinesh Manocha

Hierarchical and complex Mathematical Expression Recognition (MER) is challenging due to multiple possible interpretations of a formula, complicating both parsing and evaluation. In this paper, we introduce the Hierarchical Detail-Focused…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Jiale Wang , Junhui Yu , Huanyong Liu , Chenanran Kong