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This study evaluates how well large language models (LLMs) can classify ICD-10 codes from hospital discharge summaries, a critical but error-prone task in healthcare. Using 1,500 summaries from the MIMIC-IV dataset and focusing on the 10…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Akram Mustafa , Usman Naseem , Mostafa Rahimi Azghadi

Program code contains functions, variables, and data structures that are represented by names. To promote human understanding, these names should describe the role and use of the code elements they represent. But the names given by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Moshe Munk , Dror G. Feitelson

ICD-9 coding is a relevant clinical billing task, where unstructured texts with information about a patient's diagnosis and treatments are annotated with multiple ICD-9 codes. Automated ICD-9 coding is an active research field, where CNN-…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Malte Feucht , Zhiliang Wu , Sophia Althammer , Volker Tresp

ICD coding is designed to assign the disease codes to electronic health records (EHRs) upon discharge, which is crucial for billing and clinical statistics. In an attempt to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of manual coding, many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Zichen Liu , Xuyuan Liu , Yanlong Wen , Guoqing Zhao , Fen Xia , Xiaojie Yuan

In order to submit a claim to insurance companies, a doctor needs to code a patient encounter with both the diagnosis (ICDs) and procedures performed (CPTs) in an Electronic Health Record (EHR). Identifying and applying relevant procedures…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-30 Hasham Ul Haq , Rameel Ahmad , Sibt Ul Hussain

Human coders assign standardized medical codes to clinical documents generated during patients' hospitalization, which is error-prone and labor-intensive. Automated medical coding approaches have been developed using machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Wei Sun , Shaoxiong Ji , Erik Cambria , Pekka Marttinen

In this paper, we present a novel approach for medical synonym extraction. We aim to integrate the term embedding with the medical domain knowledge for healthcare applications. One advantage of our method is that it is very scalable.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-06-02 Chang Wang , Liangliang Cao , Bowen Zhou

Given a deep learning model trained on data from a source site, how to deploy the model to a target hospital automatically? How to accommodate heterogeneous medical coding systems across different hospitals? Standard approaches rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Zhenbang Wu , Cao Xiao , Lucas M Glass , David M Liebovitz , Jimeng Sun

This paper proposes CODER: contrastive learning on knowledge graphs for cross-lingual medical term representation. CODER is designed for medical term normalization by providing close vector representations for different terms that represent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-19 Zheng Yuan , Zhengyun Zhao , Haixia Sun , Jiao Li , Fei Wang , Sheng Yu

Clinical coding is currently a labour-intensive, error-prone, but critical administrative process whereby hospital patient episodes are manually assigned codes by qualified staff from large, standardised taxonomic hierarchies of codes.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Thomas Searle , Zina Ibrahim , Richard JB Dobson

Clinical trials are central to medical progress because they help improve understanding of human health and the healthcare system. They play a key role in discovering new ways to detect, prevent, or treat diseases, and it is essential that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Surya Tejaswi Yerramsetty , Almas Fathimah

Auto-completion is one of the most prominent features of modern information systems. The existing solutions of auto-completion provide the suggestions based on the beginning of the currently input character sequence (i.e. prefix). However,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2016-11-24 Pengfei Xu , Jiaheng Lu

ICD coding is the international standard for capturing and reporting health conditions and diagnosis for revenue cycle management in healthcare. Manually assigning ICD codes is prone to human error due to the large code vocabulary and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Youngwoo Kim , Cheng Li , Bingyang Ye , Amir Tahmasebi , Javed Aslam

Automatic medical coding has the potential to ease documentation and billing processes. For this task, transparency plays an important role for medical coders and regulatory bodies, which can be achieved using explainability methods.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Katharina Beckh , Elisa Studeny , Sujan Sai Gannamaneni , Dario Antweiler , Stefan Rüping

In recent years, machine learning has been widely adopted to automate the audio mixing process. Automatic mixing systems have been applied to various audio effects such as gain-adjustment, equalization, and reverberation. These systems can…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Satvik Venkatesh , David Moffat , Eduardo Reck Miranda

There are several opportunities for automation in healthcare that can improve clinician throughput. One such example is assistive tools to document diagnosis codes when clinicians write notes. We study the automation of medical code…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Weiming Ren , Ruijing Zeng , Tongzi Wu , Tianshu Zhu , Rahul G. Krishnan

In medical coding, experts map unstructured clinical notes to alphanumeric codes for diagnoses and procedures. We introduce Code Like Humans: a new agentic framework for medical coding with large language models. It implements official…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Andreas Motzfeldt , Joakim Edin , Casper L. Christensen , Christian Hardmeier , Lars Maaløe , Anna Rogers

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding is the task of assigning ICD diagnosis codes to clinical notes. This can be challenging given the large quantity of labels (nearly 9,000) and lengthy texts (up to 8,000 tokens). However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Junwen Duan , Han Jiang , Ying Yu

Foundation models trained on patient electronic health records (EHRs) require tokenizing medical data into sequences of discrete vocabulary items. Existing tokenizers treat medical codes from EHRs as isolated textual tokens. However, each…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Xiaorui Su , Shvat Messica , Yepeng Huang , Ruth Johnson , Lukas Fesser , Shanghua Gao , Faryad Sahneh , Marinka Zitnik

Term clustering is important in biomedical knowledge graph construction. Using similarities between terms embedding is helpful for term clustering. State-of-the-art term embeddings leverage pretrained language models to encode terms, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Sihang Zeng , Zheng Yuan , Sheng Yu