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We develop a geometric approximation theory for deep feed-forward neural networks with ReLU activations. Given a $d$-dimensional hypersurface in $\mathbb{R}^{d+1}$ represented as the graph of a $C^2$-function $\phi$, we show that a deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Jonatan Vallin , Karl Larsson , Mats G. Larson

The expressive power of neural networks is important for understanding deep learning. Most existing works consider this problem from the view of the depth of a network. In this paper, we study how width affects the expressiveness of neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-02 Zhou Lu , Hongming Pu , Feicheng Wang , Zhiqiang Hu , Liwei Wang

This paper analyses both nonlinear activation functions and spatial max-pooling for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) by means of the algebraic basis of mathematical morphology. Additionally, a general family of activation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Santiago Velasco-Forero , Jesús Angulo

Machine learning for image classification is an active and rapidly developing field. With the proliferation of classifiers of different sizes and different architectures, the problem of choosing the right model becomes more and more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-01 David A. Kelly , Akchunya Chanchal , Nathan Blake

In this paper we propose a novel decomposition method based on filter group approximation, which can significantly reduce the redundancy of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) while maintaining the majority of feature representation.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-08-01 Bo Peng , Wenming Tan , Zheyang Li , Shun Zhang , Di Xie , Shiliang Pu

In the framework of convolutional neural networks that lie at the heart of deep learning, downsampling is often performed with a max-pooling operation that only retains the element with maximum activation, while completely discarding the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-04-17 Ashwani Kumar

In convolutional neural network-based character recognition, pooling layers play an important role in dimensionality reduction and deformation compensation. However, their kernel shapes and pooling operations are empirically predetermined;…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Takato Otsuzuki , Heon Song , Seiichi Uchida , Hideaki Hayashi

Recent findings suggest that consecutive layers of neural networks with the ReLU activation function \emph{fold} the input space during the learning process. While many works hint at this phenomenon, an approach to quantify the folding was…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Michal Lewandowski , Bernhard Heinzl , Raphael Pisoni , Bernhard A. Moser

In this work we consider the {\em image matching} problem for two grayscale $n \times n$ images, $M_1$ and $M_2$ (where pixel values range from 0 to 1). Our goal is to find an affine transformation $T$ that maps pixels from $M_1$ to pixels…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-11-09 Simon Korman , Daniel Reichman , Gilad Tsur

Neural networks have proved an effective means of learning control policies for autonomous systems, but these learned policies are difficult to understand due to the black-box nature of neural networks. This lack of interpretability makes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Hector Woods , Philippa Ryan , Rob Alexander

We present a simple and effective image super-resolution algorithm that imposes an image formation constraint on the deep neural networks via pixel substitution. The proposed algorithm first uses a deep neural network to estimate…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-31 Jinshan Pan , Yang Liu , Deqing Sun , Jimmy Ren , Ming-Ming Cheng , Jian Yang , Jinhui Tang

We analyze approximation rates of deep ReLU neural networks for Sobolev-regular functions with respect to weaker Sobolev norms. First, we construct, based on a calculus of ReLU networks, artificial neural networks with ReLU activation…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2019-02-22 Ingo Gühring , Gitta Kutyniok , Philipp Petersen

Replacing non-polynomial functions (e.g., non-linear activation functions such as ReLU) in a neural network with their polynomial approximations is a standard practice in privacy-preserving machine learning. The resulting neural network,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Chi Zhang , Jingjing Fan , Man Ho Au , Siu Ming Yiu

There are a variety of approaches to obtain a vast receptive field with convolutional neural networks (CNNs), such as pooling or striding convolutions. Most of these approaches were initially designed for image classification and later…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Omid Hosseini Jafari , Carsten Rother

The deployment of Machine Learning models intraoperatively for tissue characterisation can assist decision making and guide safe tumour resections. For image classification models, pixel attribution methods are popular to infer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Alfie Roddan , Chi Xu , Serine Ajlouni , Irini Kakaletri , Patra Charalampaki , Stamatia Giannarou

As image-based deep reinforcement learning tackles more challenging tasks, increasing model size has become an important factor in improving performance. Recent studies achieved this by focusing on the parameter efficiency of scaled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Raphael Trumpp , Ansgar Schäfftlein , Mirco Theile , Marco Caccamo

Neural fields have rapidly been adopted for representing 3D signals, but their application to more classical 2D image-processing has been relatively limited. In this paper, we consider one of the most important operations in image…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Cristina Vasconcelos , Cengiz Oztireli , Mark Matthews , Milad Hashemi , Kevin Swersky , Andrea Tagliasacchi

We study the functional task of deep learning image classification models and show that image classification requires extrapolation capabilities. This suggests that new theories have to be developed for the understanding of deep learning as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Roozbeh Yousefzadeh , Jessica A. Mollick

We study the necessary and sufficient complexity of ReLU neural networks---in terms of depth and number of weights---which is required for approximating classifier functions in $L^2$. As a model class, we consider the set $\mathcal{E}^\beta…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2018-05-23 Philipp Petersen , Felix Voigtlaender

The principle of maximum entropy provides a useful method for inferring statistical mechanics models from observations in correlated systems, and is widely used in a variety of fields where accurate data are available. While the assumptions…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2017-06-02 Ulisse Ferrari , Tomoyuki Obuchi , Thierry Mora