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The soaring energy demands of large-scale software ecosystems and cloud data centers, accelerated by the intensive training and deployment of large language models, have driven energy consumption and carbon footprint to unprecedented…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Jialin Yang , Zainab Saad , Jiajun Wu , Xiaoguang Niu , Henry Leung , Steve Drew

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources results in fluctuations in carbon intensity throughout the day. To mitigate their carbon footprint, datacenters can implement demand response (DR) by adjusting their load based on grid…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Jiali Xing , Bilge Acun , Aditya Sundarrajan , David Brooks , Manoj Chakkaravarthy , Nikky Avila , Carole-Jean Wu , Benjamin C. Lee

Internet-scale distributed systems such as content delivery networks (CDNs) operate hundreds of thousands of servers deployed in thousands of data center locations around the globe. Since the energy costs of operating such a large IT…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2011-09-27 Vimal Mathew , Ramesh K. Sitaraman , Prashant Shenoy

In recent years, cloud service providers have been building and hosting datacenters across multiple geographical locations to provide robust services. However, the geographical distribution of datacenters introduces growing pressure to both…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Sirui Qi , Dejan Milojicic , Cullen Bash , Sudeep Pasricha

LLMs have transformed NLP, yet deploying them on edge devices poses great carbon challenges. Prior estimators remain incomplete, neglecting peripheral energy use, distinct prefill/decode behaviors, and SoC design complexity. This paper…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zhenxiao Fu , Chen Fan , Lei Jiang

An increasing amount of data is being injected into the network from IoT (Internet of Things) applications. Many of these applications, developed to improve society's quality of life, are latency-critical and inject large amounts of data…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-13 Patricia Arroba , Rajkumar Buyya , Román Cárdenas , José L. Risco-Martín , José M. Moya

Deep learning on climatic data holds potential for macroecological applications. However, its adoption remains limited among scientists outside the deep learning community due to storage, compute, and technical expertise barriers. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Johannes Dollinger , Damien Robert , Elena Plekhanova , Lukas Drees , Jan Dirk Wegner

The carbon footprint of algorithms must be measured and transparently reported so computer scientists can take an honest and active role in environmental sustainability. In this paper, we take analyses usually applied at the industrial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Kadan Lottick , Silvia Susai , Sorelle A. Friedler , Jonathan P. Wilson

Green computing represents a critical pathway to decarbonize the digital economy while maintaining technological progress. This article examines how sustainable IT strategies including energy-efficient hardware, AI-optimized data centres,…

Scientific workflows facilitate the automation of data analysis, and are used to process increasing amounts of data. Therefore, they tend to be resource-intensive and long-running, leading to significant energy consumption and carbon…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Kathleen West , Magnus Reid , Yehia Elkhatib , Lauritz Thamsen

The accelerating expansion of AI workloads is colliding with an energy landscape increasingly dominated by intermittent renewable generation. While vast quantities of zero-carbon energy are routinely curtailed, today's centralized…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Giuseppe Tomei , Andrea Mayer , Giuseppe Alcini , Stefano Salsano

We propose a methodology to enhance local CO2 monitoring by integrating satellite data from the Orbiting Carbon Observatories (OCO-2 and OCO-3) with ground level observations from the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) and weather…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Oskar Åström , Carina Geldhauser , Markus Grillitsch , Ola Hall , Alexandros Sopasakis

With the advancement of Cloud Computing over the past few years, there has been a massive shift from traditional data centers to cloud enabled data centers. The enterprises with cloud data centers are focusing their attention on energy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2014-11-25 Radheshyam Nanduri , Dharmesh Kakadia , Vasudeva Varma

While Generative AI stands to be one of the fastest adopted technologies ever, studies have made evident that the usage of Large Language Models (LLMs) puts significant burden on energy grids and our environment. It may prove a hindrance to…

Cloud computing is offering utility-oriented IT services to users worldwide. Based on a pay-as-you-go model, it enables hosting of pervasive applications from consumer, scientific, and business domains. However, data centers hosting Cloud…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2010-06-03 Rajkumar Buyya , Anton Beloglazov , Jemal Abawajy

Cloud computing has grown rapidly in recent years, mainly due to the sharp increase in data transferred over the internet. This growth makes load balancing a key part of cloud systems, as it helps distribute user requests across servers to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Shadman Sakib , Ajay Katangur , Rahul Dubey

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a major role in the global carbon budget. It can act as a source or a sink of atmospheric carbon, thereby possibly influencing the course of climate change. Improving the tools that model the spatial…

This letter proposes a market-clearing-based locational marginal carbon emission (LMCE) metric to assess the marginal carbon emission effect of nodal load demand. Unlike the prevalent carbon emission flow (CEF) method that relies on a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-25 Zelong Lu

The energy consumption of data centers assumes a significant fraction of the world's overall energy consumption. Most data centers are statically provisioned, leading to a very low average utilization of servers. In this work, we survey…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Jonas Hübotter

Saving energy is an important issue for cloud providers to reduce energy cost in a data center. With the increasing popularity of cloud computing, it is time to examine various energy reduction methods for which energy consumption could be…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-12-21 Nasrin Akhter , Mohamed Othman , Ranesh Kumar Naha