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Related papers: Code Smells in Machine Learning Systems

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Code smells as symptoms of poor design and implementation choices. Many times they are the result of so called technical debt. Our study showed that the interest in code smells research is increasing. However, most of the publications are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-02-19 Peter Kokol , Milan Zorman , Grega Zlahtic , Bojan Zlahtic

Code smells are indicators of potential design flaws in source code and do not appear alone but in combination with other smells, creating complex interactions. While existing literature classifies these smell interactions into collocated,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Ruchin Gupta , Sandeep Kumar Singh

Context: Logging is an important part of modern software projects; logs are used in several tasks such as debugging and testing. Due to the complex nature of logging, it remains a difficult task with several pitfalls that could have serious…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Nyyti Saarimäki , Donghwan Shin , Domenico Bianculli

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into software systems for diverse purposes, due to their versatility, flexibility, and ability to simulate human reasoning to some extent. However, poor integration of LLM inference…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Zacharie Chenail-Larcher , Brahim Mahmoudi , Naouel Moha , Quentin Stiévenart , Florent Avellaneda

Nowadays, modern applications are developed using components written in different programming languages. These systems introduce several advantages. However, as the number of languages increases, so does the challenges related to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-01-18 Mouna Abidi , Md Saidur Rahman , Moses Openja , Foutse Khomh

Developing test code may be a time-consuming task that usually requires much effort and cost, especially when it is done manually. Besides, during this process, developers and testers are likely to adopt bad design choices, which may lead…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-13 Nildo Silva Junior , Larissa Rocha , Luana Almeida Martins , Ivan Machado

The adoption of Machine and Deep Learning (ML/DL) technologies introduces maintenance challenges, leading to Technical Debt (TD). Algorithm Debt (AD) is a TD type that impacts the performance and scalability of ML/DL systems. A review of 42…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Emmanuel Iko-Ojo Simon , Chirath Hettiarachchi , Fatemeh Fard , Alex Potanin , Hanna Suominen

In this paper, we focus on studying duplicate logging statements, which are logging statements that have the same static text message. We manually studied over 4K duplicate logging statements and their surrounding code in five large-scale…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Zhenhao Li , Tse-Hsun , Chen , Jinqiu Yang , Weiyi Shang

Machine learning (ML) has rapidly grown in popularity, becoming vital to many industries. Currently, the research on code smells in ML applications lacks tools and studies that address the identification and validity of ML-specific code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Peter Hamfelt , Ricardo Britto , Lincoln Rocha , Camilo Almendra

Code smells represent sub-optimal implementation choices applied by developers when evolving software systems. The negative impact of code smells has been widely investigated in the past: besides developers' productivity and ability to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Gemma Catolino , Fabio Palomba , Francesca Arcelli Fontana , Andrea De Lucia , Andy Zaidman , Filomena Ferrucci

Context. Code smells, which are recurring anomalies in design or style, have been extensively researched in professional code. However, their significance in block-based projects created by novices is still largely unknown. Block-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Ricardo Hidalgo Aragón , Jesús M. González-Barahona , Gregorio Robles

Mobile apps have become essential of our daily lives, making code quality a critical concern for developers. Behavioural code smells are characteristics in the source code that induce inappropriate code behaviour during execution, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Houcine Abdelkader Cherief , Florent Avellaneda , Naouel Moha

Understanding what drives code instability is essential for effective software maintenance, as unstable classes require larger or more frequent edits and increase the risk of unintended side effects. Although code smells are widely believed…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Zushuai Zhang , Elliott Wen , Ewan Tempero

A code smell is a surface indicator of an inherent problem in the system, most often due to deviation from standard coding practices on the developers part during the development phase. Studies observe that code smells made the code more…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Himanshu Gupta , Abhiram Anand Gulanikar , Lov Kumar , Lalita Bhanu Murthy Neti

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have accelerated their adoption in software engineering contexts. However, concerns persist about the structural quality of the code they produce. In particular, LLMs often replicate poor…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Alejandro Velasco , Daniel Rodriguez-Cardenas , Dipin Khati , David N. Palacio , Luftar Rahman Alif , Denys Poshyvanyk

Bad smells have been defined to describe potential problems in code, possibly pointing out refactoring opportunities. Several empirical studies have highlighted that smells have a negative impact on comprehension and maintainability.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Elder Vicente de Paulo Sobrinho , Marcelo de Almeida Maia

Context: Test smells are symptoms of sub-optimal design choices adopted when developing test cases. Previous studies have proved their harmfulness for test code maintainability and effectiveness. Therefore, researchers have been proposing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Valeria Pontillo , Dario Amoroso d'Aragona , Fabiano Pecorelli , Dario Di Nucci , Filomena Ferrucci , Fabio Palomba

Code comments are important in software development because they directly influence software maintainability and overall quality. Bad practices of code comments lead to code comment smells, negatively impacting software maintenance. Recent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Ipek Oztas , U Boran Torun , Eray Tüzün

Code smells are symptoms of poor design and implementation choices, which might hinder comprehension, increase code complexity and fault-proneness and decrease maintainability of software systems. The aim of our study was to perform a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Peter Kokol , Marko Kokol , Sašo Zagoranski

Dependencies between modules can trigger ripple effects when changes are made, making maintenance complex and costly, so minimizing these dependencies is crucial. Consequently, understanding what drives dependencies is important. One…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Zushuai Zhang , Elliott Wen , Ewan Tempero