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Programming errors in Ethereum smart contracts can result in catastrophic financial losses from stolen cryptocurrency. While vulnerability detectors can prevent vulnerable contracts from being deployed, this does not mean that such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Simon Joseph Aquilina , Fran Casino , Mark Vella , Joshua Ellul , Constantinos Patsakis

Smart contracts are blockchain programs that often handle valuable assets. Writing secure smart contracts is far from trivial, and any vulnerability may lead to significant financial losses. To support developers in identifying and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Monika di Angelo , Thomas Durieux , João F. Ferreira , Gernot Salzer

The use of blockchain and smart contracts have not stopped growing in recent years. Like all software that begins to expand its use, it is also beginning to be targeted by hackers who will try to exploit vulnerabilities in both the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Antonio López Vivar , Ana Lucila Sandoval Orozco , Luis Javier García Villalba

The evaluation of smart contract reputability is essential to foster trust in decentralized ecosystems. However, existing methods that rely solely on code analysis or transactional data, offer limited insight into evolving trustworthiness.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Cyrus Malik , Josef Bajada , Joshua Ellul

Smart Contracts (SCs) in Ethereum can automate tasks and provide different functionalities to a user. Such automation is enabled by the `Turing-complete' nature of the programming language (Solidity) in which SCs are written. This also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Rachit Agarwal , Tanmay Thapliyal , Sandeep Kumar Shukla

As a blockchain platform that has developed vigorously in recent years, Ethereum is different from Bitcoin in that it introduces smart contracts into blockchain.Solidity is one of the most mature and widely used smart contract programming…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Pengcheng Zhang , Feng Xiao , Xiapu Luo

Smart contract is a special program that manages digital assets on blockchain. It is difficult to recover the loss if users make transactions through buggy smart contracts, which cannot be directly fixed. Hence, it is important to ensure…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Haoran Wu , Xingya Wang , Jiehui Xu , Weiqin Zou , Lingming Zhang , Zhenyu Chen

Due to the inherent immutability of blockchain technology, smart contract updates require their deployment at new addresses rather than modifying existing ones, thus fragmenting version histories and creating critical blind spots for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Fatou Ndiaye Mbodji , Vinny Adjibi , Moustapha Awwalou Diouf , Gervais Mendy , Kui Liu , Jacques Klein , Tegawende Bissyande

In recent years, smart contracts have suffered major exploits, costing millions of dollars. Unlike traditional programs, smart contracts are deployed on a blockchain. As such, they cannot be modified once deployed. Though various tools have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-16 Christof Ferreira Torres , Mathis Baden , Robert Norvill , Beltran Borja Fiz Pontiveros , Hugo Jonker , Sjouke Mauw

Smart contracts are self-executing programs on a blockchain to ensure immutable and transparent agreements without the involvement of intermediaries. Despite the growing popularity of smart contracts for many blockchain platforms like…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Taeyoung Kim , Yunhee Jang , Chanjong Lee , Hyungjoon Koo , Hyoungshick Kim

Smart contracts are programs that are executed on a blockhain. They have been used for applications in voting, decentralized finance, and supply chain management. However, vulnerabilities in smart contracts have been abused by hackers,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Timothy Mou , Michael Coblenz , Jonathan Aldrich

The widespread lack of broad source code verification on blockchain explorers such as Etherscan, where despite 78,047,845 smart contracts deployed on Ethereum (as of May 26, 2025), a mere 767,520 (< 1%) are open source, presents a severe…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Isaac David , Liyi Zhou , Dawn Song , Arthur Gervais , Kaihua Qin

The introduction of smart contract functionality marks the advent of the blockchain 2.0 era, enabling blockchain technology to support digital currency transactions and complex distributed applications. However, many smart contracts have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Hongli Peng , Xiaoqi Li , Wenkai Li

Smart contracts are Turing-complete programs running on the blockchain. They are immutable and cannot be modified, even when bugs are detected. Therefore, ensuring smart contracts are bug-free and well-designed before deploying them to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Jiachi Chen , Xin Xia , David Lo , John Grundy , Xiapu Luo , Ting Chen

With the development of blockchain technologies, the number of smart contracts deployed on blockchain platforms is growing exponentially, which makes it difficult for users to find desired services by manual screening. The automatic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Chaochen Shi , Yong Xiang , Robin Ram Mohan Doss , Jiangshan Yu , Keshav Sood , Longxiang Gao

With the rapid growth of blockchain technology, smart contracts are now crucial to Decentralized Finance (DeFi) applications. Effective vulnerability detection is vital for securing these contracts against hackers and enhancing the accuracy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Jango Zhang

In recent years, we have seen a great deal of both academic and practical interest in the topic of vulnerabilities in smart contracts, particularly those developed for the Ethereum blockchain. While most of the work has focused on detecting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Daniel Perez , Benjamin Livshits

In recent years, Ethereum gained tremendously in popularity, growing from a daily transaction average of 10K in January 2016 to an average of 500K in January 2020. Similarly, smart contracts began to carry more value, making them appealing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-18 Christof Ferreira Torres , Antonio Ken Iannillo , Arthur Gervais , Radu State

The Ethereum blockchain platform supports the execution of decentralised applications or smart contracts. These typically hold and transfer digital currency to other parties on the platform; however, they have been subject to numerous…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Franklin Schrans , Daniel Hails , Alexander Harkness , Sophia Drossopoulou , Susan Eisenbach

Blockchains are modern distributed systems that provide decentralized financial capabilities with trustable guarantees. Smart contracts are programs written in specialized programming languages running on a blockchain and govern how tokens…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Margarita Capretto , Martin Ceresa , Cesar Sanchez