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Optical character recognition (OCR) and multilingual text understanding remain major failure modes of multimodal large language models (MLLMs), particularly in real-world images containing cluttered layouts, small fonts, blur, occlusion,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Qinwu Xu , Yifan Jiang , Haoyu Ren

The data scarcity in low-resource languages has become a bottleneck to building robust neural machine translation systems. Fine-tuning a multilingual pre-trained model (e.g., mBART (Liu et al., 2020)) on the translation task is a good…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Zihan Liu , Genta Indra Winata , Pascale Fung

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) plays a crucial role in digitizing historical and multilingual documents, yet OCR errors - imperfect extraction of text, including character insertion, deletion, and substitution can significantly impact…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Bhawna Piryani , Jamshid Mozafari , Abdelrahman Abdallah , Antoine Doucet , Adam Jatowt

Recent advents in Neural Machine Translation (NMT) have shown improvements in low-resource language (LRL) translation tasks. In this work, we benchmark NMT between English and five African LRL pairs (Swahili, Amharic, Tigrigna, Oromo,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Surafel M. Lakew , Matteo Negri , Marco Turchi

In recent years, Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has been shown to be more effective than phrase-based statistical methods, thus quickly becoming the state of the art in machine translation (MT). However, NMT systems are limited in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Surafel M. Lakew , Marcello Federico , Matteo Negri , Marco Turchi

Reproducible benchmarks are crucial in driving progress of machine translation research. However, existing machine translation benchmarks have been mostly limited to high-resource or well-represented languages. Despite an increasing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Machel Reid , Junjie Hu , Graham Neubig , Yutaka Matsuo

There has been recent interest in improving optical character recognition (OCR) for endangered languages, particularly because a large number of documents and books in these languages are not in machine-readable formats. The performance of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Shruti Rijhwani , Daisy Rosenblum , Michayla King , Antonios Anastasopoulos , Graham Neubig

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) enhance the potential of natural language processing. However, their actual impact on document information extraction remains unclear. In particular, it is unclear whether an MLLM-only…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Jiyuan Shen , Peiyue Yuan , Atin Ghosh , Yifan Mai , Daniel Dahlmeier

Monolingual data has been demonstrated to be helpful in improving the translation quality of neural machine translation (NMT). The current methods stay at the usage of word-level knowledge, such as generating synthetic parallel data or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-22 Rongxiang Weng , Heng Yu , Shujian Huang , Weihua Luo , Jiajun Chen

What can pre-trained multilingual sequence-to-sequence models like mBART contribute to translating low-resource languages? We conduct a thorough empirical experiment in 10 languages to ascertain this, considering five factors: (1) the…

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown strong performance in document image tasks, especially Optical Character Recognition (OCR). However, they struggle with Document Image Machine Translation (DIMT), which requires handling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Yupu Liang , Yaping Zhang , Zhiyang Zhang , Zhiyuan Chen , Yang Zhao , Lu Xiang , Chengqing Zong , Yu Zhou

Multilingual neural machine translation (NMT) has recently been investigated from different aspects (e.g., pivot translation, zero-shot translation, fine-tuning, or training from scratch) and in different settings (e.g., rich resource and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Xu Tan , Yichong Leng , Jiale Chen , Yi Ren , Tao Qin , Tie-Yan Liu

We present the first systematic study of machine translation for Chakma, an endangered and extremely low-resource Indo-Aryan language, with the goal of supporting language access and preservation. We introduce a new Chakma-Bangla parallel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Aunabil Chakma , Aditya Chakma , Masum Hasan , Soham Khisa , Chumui Tripura , Rifat Shahriyar

Iterating with new and improved OCR solutions enforces decision making when it comes to targeting the right candidates for reprocessing. This especially applies when the underlying data collection is of considerable size and rather diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Pit Schneider , Yves Maurer

Kazakh is a Turkic language using the Arabic, Cyrillic, and Latin scripts, making it unique in terms of optical character recognition (OCR). Work on OCR for low-resource Kazakh scripts is very scarce, and no OCR benchmarks or images exist…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Henry Gagnier , Sophie Gagnier , Ashwin Kirubakaran

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models have been effective on large bilingual datasets. However, the existing methods and techniques show that the model's performance is highly dependent on the number of examples in training data. For many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Nalin Kumar , Deepak Kumar , Subhankar Mishra

Prior work has proved that Translation memory (TM) can boost the performance of Neural Machine Translation (NMT). In contrast to existing work that uses bilingual corpus as TM and employs source-side similarity search for memory retrieval,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Deng Cai , Yan Wang , Huayang Li , Wai Lam , Lemao Liu

Solving the problem of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) on printed text for Latin and its derivative scripts can now be considered settled due to the volumes of research done on English and other High-Resourced Languages (HRL). However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Nevidu Jayatilleke , Nisansa de Silva

Language pairs with limited amounts of parallel data, also known as low-resource languages, remain a challenge for neural machine translation. While the Transformer model has achieved significant improvements for many language pairs and has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Ali Araabi , Christof Monz

With the advent of the Transformer architecture, Neural Machine Translation (NMT) results have shown great improvement lately. However, results in low-resource conditions still lag behind in both bilingual and multilingual setups, due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Isidora Chara Tourni , Derry Wijaya