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Energy-based models (EBMs) are a flexible class of deep generative models and are well-suited to capture complex dependencies in multimodal data. However, learning multimodal EBM by maximum likelihood requires Markov Chain Monte Carlo…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Jiali Cui , Zhiqiang Lao , Heather Yu

Energy-Based Models (EBMs) are an important class of probabilistic models, also known as random fields and undirected graphical models. EBMs are un-normalized and thus radically different from other popular self-normalized probabilistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Zhijian Ou

In the last decades, energy-based models (EBMs) have become an important class of probabilistic models in which a component of the likelihood is intractable and therefore cannot be evaluated explicitly. Consequently, parameter estimation in…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Luca Martino

Latent space Energy-Based Models (EBMs), also known as energy-based priors, have drawn growing interests in the field of generative modeling due to its flexibility in the formulation and strong modeling power of the latent space. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Peiyu Yu , Yaxuan Zhu , Sirui Xie , Xiaojian Ma , Ruiqi Gao , Song-Chun Zhu , Ying Nian Wu

Contrastive learning is a method of learning visual representations by training Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to increase the similarity between representations of positive pairs (transformations of the same image) and reduce the similarity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Beomsu Kim , Jong Chul Ye

Training energy-based models (EBMs) with noise-contrastive estimation (NCE) is theoretically feasible but practically challenging. Effective learning requires the noise distribution to be approximately similar to the target distribution,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Nathaniel Xu

This paper studies the fundamental problem of learning energy-based model (EBM) in the latent space of the generator model. Learning such prior model typically requires running costly Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). Instead, we propose to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Zhisheng Xiao , Tian Han

Conditional Neural Processes~(CNPs) formulate distributions over functions and generate function observations with exact conditional likelihoods. CNPs, however, have limited expressivity for high-dimensional observations, since their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Zesheng Ye , Jing Du , Lina Yao

Training energy-based models (EBMs) on high-dimensional data can be both challenging and time-consuming, and there exists a noticeable gap in sample quality between EBMs and other generative frameworks like GANs and diffusion models. To…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-12 Yaxuan Zhu , Jianwen Xie , Yingnian Wu , Ruiqi Gao

Existing methods, such as concept bottleneck models (CBMs), have been successful in providing concept-based interpretations for black-box deep learning models. They typically work by predicting concepts given the input and then predicting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Xinyue Xu , Yi Qin , Lu Mi , Hao Wang , Xiaomeng Li

Learning algorithms for energy based Boltzmann architectures that rely on gradient descent are in general computationally prohibitive, typically due to the exponential number of terms involved in computing the partition function. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-13 Enrique Romero Merino , Ferran Mazzanti Castrillejo , Jordi Delgado Pin , David Buchaca Prats

We present a new method of training energy-based models (EBMs) for anomaly detection that leverages low-dimensional structures within data. The proposed algorithm, Manifold Projection-Diffusion Recovery (MPDR), first perturbs a data point…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Sangwoong Yoon , Young-Uk Jin , Yung-Kyun Noh , Frank C. Park

In this chapter we provide a thorough overview of the use of energy-based models (EBMs) in the context of inverse imaging problems. EBMs are probability distributions modeled via Gibbs densities $p(x) \propto \exp{-E(x)}$ with an…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-17 Andreas Habring , Martin Holler , Thomas Pock , Martin Zach

The Contrastive Divergence (CD) algorithm has achieved notable success in training energy-based models including Restricted Boltzmann Machines and played a key role in the emergence of deep learning. The idea of this algorithm is to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-01 Bai Jiang , Tung-Yu Wu , Yifan Jin , Wing H. Wong

Neural language models can be successfully trained on source code, leading to applications such as code completion. However, their versatile autoregressive self-supervision objective overlooks important global sequence-level features that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Tomasz Korbak , Hady Elsahar , Marc Dymetman , Germán Kruszewski

Deep energy-based models (EBMs), which use deep neural networks (DNNs) as energy functions, are receiving increasing attention due to their ability to learn complex distributions. To train deep EBMs, the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Beomsu Kim , Jong Chul Ye

Multi-attribute classification generalizes classification, presenting new challenges for making accurate predictions and quantifying uncertainty. We build upon recent work and show that architectures for multi-attribute prediction can be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Jacob Kelly , Richard Zemel , Will Grathwohl

Model-based planning holds great promise for improving both sample efficiency and generalization in reinforcement learning (RL). We show that energy-based models (EBMs) are a promising class of models to use for model-based planning. EBMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Yilun Du , Toru Lin , Igor Mordatch

This paper proposes a multi-grid method for learning energy-based generative ConvNet models of images. For each grid, we learn an energy-based probabilistic model where the energy function is defined by a bottom-up convolutional neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-16 Ruiqi Gao , Yang Lu , Junpei Zhou , Song-Chun Zhu , Ying Nian Wu

Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) and Deep Belief Networks have been demonstrated to perform efficiently in a variety of applications, such as dimensionality reduction, feature learning, and classification. Their implementation on…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-11-17 Emre Neftci , Srinjoy Das , Bruno Pedroni , Kenneth Kreutz-Delgado , Gert Cauwenberghs