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Most existing research on visual question answering (VQA) is limited to information explicitly present in an image or a video. In this paper, we take visual understanding to a higher level where systems are challenged to answer questions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Shailaja Keyur Sampat , Akshay Kumar , Yezhou Yang , Chitta Baral

Although large Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in a wide range of multimodal tasks, their true reasoning capabilities on human IQ tests remain underexplored. To advance research on the fluid…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Tan-Hanh Pham , Phu-Vinh Nguyen , Dang The Hung , Bui Trong Duong , Vu Nguyen Thanh , Chris Ngo , Tri Quang Truong , Truong-Son Hy

It is commonly believed that increasing the interpretability of a machine learning model may decrease its predictive power. However, inspecting input-output relationships of those models using visual analytics, while treating them as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-06-22 Josua Krause , Adam Perer , Enrico Bertini

Visual Question Answering (VQA) is a challenging task that requires cross-modal understanding and reasoning of visual image and natural language question. To inspect the association of VQA models to human cognition, we designed a survey to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Liben Chen , Long Chen , Tian Ellison-Chen , Zhuoyuan Xu

Recent progress in Vision Language Models (VLMs) has raised the question of whether they can reliably perform nonverbal reasoning. To this end, we introduce VRIQ (Visual Reasoning IQ), a novel benchmark designed to assess and analyze the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Tina Khezresmaeilzadeh , Jike Zhong , Konstantinos Psounis

As machines have become more intelligent, there has been a renewed interest in methods for measuring their intelligence. A common approach is to propose tasks for which a human excels, but one which machines find difficult. However, an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-09-01 C. Lawrence Zitnick , Aishwarya Agrawal , Stanislaw Antol , Margaret Mitchell , Dhruv Batra , Devi Parikh

Combining multiple perceptual inputs and performing combinatorial reasoning in complex scenarios is a sophisticated cognitive function in humans. With advancements in multi-modal large language models, recent benchmarks tend to evaluate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Chao Wang , Luning Zhang , Zheng Wang , Yang Zhou

Visual reasoning in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has primarily been studied in static, fully observable settings, limiting their effectiveness in real-world environments where information is often incomplete due to occlusion or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Weijie Zhou , Xuantang Xiong , Yi Peng , Manli Tao , Chaoyang Zhao , Honghui Dong , Ming Tang , Jinqiao Wang

Humans learn to solve tasks of increasing complexity by building on top of previously acquired knowledge. Typically, there exists a natural progression in the tasks that we learn - most do not require completely independent solutions, but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-01 Seung Wook Kim , Makarand Tapaswi , Sanja Fidler

Classic evaluation methods of believable agents are time-consuming because they involve many human to judge agents. They are well suited to validate work on new believable behaviours models. However, during the implementation, numerous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2010-09-03 Fabien Tencé , Cédric Buche

Evaluating the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs) is challenging. Existing benchmarks often depend on static datasets, which are vulnerable to data contamination and may get saturated over time, or on binary live human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Lanxiang Hu , Qiyu Li , Anze Xie , Nan Jiang , Ion Stoica , Haojian Jin , Hao Zhang

With the availability of large databases and recent improvements in deep learning methodology, the performance of AI systems is reaching or even exceeding the human level on an increasing number of complex tasks. Impressive examples of this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-29 Wojciech Samek , Thomas Wiegand , Klaus-Robert Müller

Vision-language models (VLMs) have recently demonstrated strong efficacy as visual assistants that can parse natural queries about the visual content and generate human-like outputs. In this work, we explore the ability of these models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Yangyi Chen , Karan Sikka , Michael Cogswell , Heng Ji , Ajay Divakaran

Our ability to know when to trust the decisions made by machine learning systems has not kept up with the staggering improvements in their performance, limiting their applicability in high-stakes domains. We introduce Prover-Verifier Games…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Cem Anil , Guodong Zhang , Yuhuai Wu , Roger Grosse

The integration of learning and reasoning is high on the research agenda in AI. Nevertheless, there is only a little attention to use existing background knowledge for reasoning about partially observed scenes to answer questions about the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Savitha Sam Abraham , Marjan Alirezaie , Luc De Raedt

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) improves reasoning in large language models but treats all correct solutions equally, potentially reinforcing flawed traces that get correct answers by chance. We observe that better…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Tiehua Mei , Minxuan Lv , Leiyu Pan , Zhenpeng Su , Hongru Hou , Hengrui Chen , Ao Xu , Deqing Yang

We marry two powerful ideas: deep representation learning for visual recognition and language understanding, and symbolic program execution for reasoning. Our neural-symbolic visual question answering (NS-VQA) system first recovers a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-16 Kexin Yi , Jiajun Wu , Chuang Gan , Antonio Torralba , Pushmeet Kohli , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently demonstrated notable success in enhancing the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs), particularly on mathematics and programming tasks. Similar to how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Yang Yue , Zhiqi Chen , Rui Lu , Andrew Zhao , Zhaokai Wang , Yang Yue , Shiji Song , Gao Huang

Large language models (LLMs) and multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have significantly advanced artificial intelligence. However, visual reasoning, reasoning involving both visual and textual inputs, remains underexplored. Recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-18 I-Sheng Fang , Jun-Cheng Chen

Visual QA is a pivotal challenge for higher-level reasoning, requiring understanding language, vision, and relationships between many objects in a scene. Although datasets like CLEVR are designed to be unsolvable without such complex…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Mateusz Malinowski , Carl Doersch