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Automated service classification plays a crucial role in service discovery, selection, and composition. Machine learning has been widely used for service classification in recent years. However, the performance of conventional machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Yilong Yang , Nafees Qamar , Peng Liu , Katarina Grolinger , Weiru Wang , Zhi Li , Zhifang Liao

Traffic classification has been studied for two decades and applied to a wide range of applications from QoS provisioning and billing in ISPs to security-related applications in firewalls and intrusion detection systems. Port-based, data…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-05-15 Shahbaz Rezaei , Xin Liu

Machine learning and deep learning algorithms can be used to classify encrypted Internet traffic. Classification of encrypted traffic can become more challenging in the presence of adversarial attacks that target the learning algorithms. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Ramy Maarouf , Danish Sattar , Ashraf Matrawy

Network traffic is growing at an outpaced speed globally. The modern network infrastructure makes classic network intrusion detection methods inefficient to classify an inflow of vast network traffic. This paper aims to present a modern…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Harsh Dhillon , Anwar Haque

Traffic classification, a technique for assigning network flows to predefined categories, has been widely deployed in enterprise and carrier networks. With the massive adoption of mobile devices, encryption is increasingly used in mobile…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Kun Qiu , Ying Wang , Baoqian Li , Wenjun Zhu

Traffic monitoring is essential for network management tasks that ensure security and QoS. However, the continuous increase of HTTPS traffic undermines the effectiveness of current service-level monitoring that can only rely on unreliable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-20 Wazen M. Shbair , Thibault Cholez , Jerome Francois , Isabelle Chrisment

DNS is a distributed, fault tolerant system that avoids a single point of failure. As such it is an integral part of the internet as we use it today and hence deemed a safe protocol which is let through firewalls and proxies with no or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-28 Andreas Berg , Daniel Forsberg

Fine-grained image classification involves identifying different subcategories of a class which possess very subtle discriminatory features. Fine-grained datasets usually provide bounding box annotations along with class labels to aid the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Farha Al Breiki , Muhammad Ridzuan , Rushali Grandhe

Constructing fine-grained image datasets typically requires domain-specific expert knowledge, which is not always available for crowd-sourcing platform annotators. Accordingly, learning directly from web images becomes an alternative method…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-07 Chuanyi Zhang , Yazhou Yao , Xiangbo Shu , Zechao Li , Zhenmin Tang , Qi Wu

In contrast to previous surveys, the present work is not focused on reviewing the datasets used in the network security field. The fact is that many of the available public labeled datasets represent the network behavior just for a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Jorge Guerra , Carlos Catania , Eduardo Veas

As the complexity and scale of modern computer networks continue to increase, there has emerged an urgent need for precise traffic analysis, which plays a pivotal role in cutting-edge wireless connectivity technologies. This study focuses…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Khuong N. Nguyen , Abhishek Sehgal , Yuming Zhu , Junsu Choi , Guanbo Chen , Hao Chen , Boon Loong Ng , Charlie Zhang

We evaluate the effectiveness of semi-supervised learning (SSL) on a realistic benchmark where data exhibits considerable class imbalance and contains images from novel classes. Our benchmark consists of two fine-grained classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Jong-Chyi Su , Zezhou Cheng , Subhransu Maji

Deep neural networks have established as a powerful tool for large scale supervised classification tasks. The state-of-the-art performances of deep neural networks are conditioned to the availability of large number of accurately labeled…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Bharath Bhushan Damodaran , Rémi Flamary , Viven Seguy , Nicolas Courty

Network traffic refers to the amount of data being sent and received over the Internet or any system that connects computers. Analyzing network traffic is vital for security and management, yet remains challenging due to the heterogeneity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Xiaochang Li , Chen Qian , Qineng Wang , Jiangtao Kong , Yuchen Wang , Ziyu Yao , Bo Ji , Long Cheng , Gang Zhou , Huajie Shao

Encrypted tunneling protocols are widely used. Beyond business and personal uses, malicious actors also deploy tunneling to hinder the detection of Command and Control and data exfiltration. A common approach to maintain visibility on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-26 Johan Mazel , Matthieu Saudrais , Antoine Hervieu

Identifying threats in a network traffic flow which is encrypted is uniquely challenging. On one hand it is extremely difficult to simply decrypt the traffic due to modern encryption algorithms. On the other hand, passing such an encrypted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Syed Muhammad Kumail Raza , Juan Caballero

In this paper, we propose HyperVision, a realtime unsupervised machine learning (ML) based malicious traffic detection system. Particularly, HyperVision is able to detect unknown patterns of encrypted malicious traffic by utilizing a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Chuanpu Fu , Qi Li , Ke Xu

Machine learning (ML) is promising in accurately detecting malicious flows in encrypted network traffic; however, it is challenging to collect a training dataset that contains a sufficient amount of encrypted malicious data with correct…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Yuqi Qing , Qilei Yin , Xinhao Deng , Yihao Chen , Zhuotao Liu , Kun Sun , Ke Xu , Jia Zhang , Qi Li

Fine-grained classification remains a very challenging problem, because of the absence of well-labeled training data caused by the high cost of annotating a large number of fine-grained categories. In the extreme case, given a set of test…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-11-20 Li Niu , Ashok Veeraraghavan , Ashu Sabharwal

Deep learning-based fine-grained network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) enable different attacks to be responded to in a fast and targeted manner with the help of large-scale labels. However, the cost of labeling causes insufficient…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Xinran Zheng , Shuo Yang , Xingjun Wang