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Synthetic data is a standard component in training large language models, yet systematic comparisons across design dimensions, including rephrasing strategy, generator model, and source data, remain absent. We conduct extensive controlled…

This paper presents the Imputer, a neural sequence model that generates output sequences iteratively via imputations. The Imputer is an iterative generative model, requiring only a constant number of generation steps independent of the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-23 William Chan , Chitwan Saharia , Geoffrey Hinton , Mohammad Norouzi , Navdeep Jaitly

We consider the task of program synthesis in the presence of a reward function over the output of programs, where the goal is to find programs with maximal rewards. We employ an iterative optimization scheme, where we train an RNN on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Daniel A. Abolafia , Mohammad Norouzi , Jonathan Shen , Rui Zhao , Quoc V. Le

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive promise in code generation, yet their progress remains limited by the shortage of large-scale datasets that are both diverse and well-aligned with human reasoning. Most existing resources…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Amal Abed , Ivan Lukic , Jörg K. H. Franke , Frank Hutter

We present a new domain-agnostic synthesis technique for generating programs from input-output examples. Our method, called metric program synthesis, relaxes the well-known observational equivalence idea (used widely in bottom-up…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-10-12 John Feser , Isil Dillig , Armando Solar-Lezama

Automatic verification of concurrent programs faces state explosion due to the exponential possible interleavings of its sequential components coupled with large or infinite state spaces. An alternative is deductive verification, where…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Yuan Xia , Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh , Mukund Raghothaman , Srivatsan Ravi

We present an algorithm for synthesizing a context-free grammar encoding the language of valid program inputs from a set of input examples and blackbox access to the program. Our algorithm addresses shortcomings of existing grammar…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-06-19 Osbert Bastani , Rahul Sharma , Alex Aiken , Percy Liang

With the rise of machine learning, there is a great deal of interest in treating programs as data to be fed to learning algorithms. However, programs do not start off in a form that is immediately amenable to most off-the-shelf learning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Jordan Henkel , Shuvendu K. Lahiri , Ben Liblit , Thomas Reps

Large language models can perform various reasoning tasks by using chain-of-thought prompting, which guides them to find answers through step-by-step demonstrations. However, the quality of the prompts depends on the demonstrations given to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Zhihong Shao , Yeyun Gong , Yelong Shen , Minlie Huang , Nan Duan , Weizhu Chen

We present a method for synthesizing recursive functions that provably satisfy a given specification in the form of a polymorphic refinement type. We observe that such specifications are particularly suitable for program synthesis for two…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-04-22 Nadia Polikarpova , Ivan Kuraj , Armando Solar-Lezama

Integer linear programming (ILP) is an elegant approach to solve linear optimization problems, naturally described using integer decision variables. Within the context of physics-inspired machine learning applied to chemistry, we…

In Programming by Example, a system attempts to infer a program from input and output examples, generally by searching for a composition of certain base functions. Performing a naive brute force search is infeasible for even mildly involved…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-09-19 Aditya Krishna Menon , Omer Tamuz , Sumit Gulwani , Butler Lampson , Adam Tauman Kalai

We study machine learning formulations of inductive program synthesis; that is, given input-output examples, synthesize source code that maps inputs to corresponding outputs. Our key contribution is TerpreT, a domain-specific language for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-12-05 Alexander L. Gaunt , Marc Brockschmidt , Rishabh Singh , Nate Kushman , Pushmeet Kohli , Jonathan Taylor , Daniel Tarlow

A major bottleneck in search-based program synthesis is the exponentially growing search space which makes learning large programs intractable. Humans mitigate this problem by leveraging the compositional nature of the real world: In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Jonas Witt , Sebastijan Dumančić , Tias Guns , Claus-Christian Carbon

In today's society, we are becoming increasingly dependent on software systems. However, we also constantly witness the negative impacts of buggy software. Program synthesis aims to improve software correctness by automatically generating…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Sanyogita Piya , Allison Sullivan

We present a neural program synthesis approach integrating components which write, execute, and assess code to navigate the search space of possible programs. We equip the search process with an interpreter or a read-eval-print-loop (REPL),…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Kevin Ellis , Maxwell Nye , Yewen Pu , Felix Sosa , Josh Tenenbaum , Armando Solar-Lezama

Synthetic datasets constructed from formal languages allow fine-grained examination of the learning and generalization capabilities of machine learning systems for sequence classification. This article presents a new benchmark for machine…

Program synthesis is the task to automatically generate programs based on user specification. In this paper, we present a framework that synthesizes programs from flow charts that serve as accurate and intuitive specifications. In order…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-12 Lin Cheng , Zijiang Yang

In this paper, we consider the problem of iterative machine teaching, where a teacher provides examples sequentially based on the current iterative learner. In contrast to previous methods that have to scan over the entire pool and select…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-27 Weiyang Liu , Zhen Liu , Hanchen Wang , Liam Paull , Bernhard Schölkopf , Adrian Weller

A compelling approach to complex question answering is to convert the question to a sequence of actions, which can then be executed on the knowledge base to yield the answer, aka the programmer-interpreter approach. Use similar training…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Yuncheng Hua , Yuan-Fang Li , Gholamreza Haffari , Guilin Qi , Wei Wu