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Whether it is at the fabrication stage or during the course of the quantum computation, e.g. because of high-energy events like cosmic rays, the qubits constituting an error correcting code may be rendered inoperable. Such defects may…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-26 Adam Siegel , Armands Strikis , Thomas Flatters , Simon Benjamin

Logical qubits encoded into a quantum code exhibit improved error rates when the physical error rates are sufficiently low, below the pseudothreshold. Logical error rates and pseudothresholds can be estimated for specific circuits and noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-14 Malcolm S. Carroll , James R. Wootton , Andrew W. Cross

Implementing large-scale quantum algorithms with practical advantage will require fault-tolerance achieved through quantum error correction, but the associated overhead is a significant cost. The overhead can be reduced by engineering…

Using error correcting codes and fault tolerant techniques, it is possible, at least in theory, to produce logical qubits with significantly lower error rates than the underlying physical qubits. Suppose, however, that the gates that act on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-12-06 M. B. Hastings

Bell measurements (BMs) are ubiquitous in quantum information and technology. They are basic elements for quantum commmunication, computation, and error correction. In particular, when performed on logical qubits encoded in physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Simon D. Reiß , Peter van Loock

Geometric locality is an important theoretical and practical factor for quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes which affects code performance and ease of physical realization. For device architectures restricted to 2D local gates,…

Quantum error correction and fault-tolerance make it possible to perform quantum computations in the presence of imprecision and imperfections of realistic devices. An important question is to find the noise rate at which errors can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-06-30 Christopher Chamberland , Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Raymond Laflamme

Demonstrating that logical qubits outperform their physical counterparts is a milestone for achieving reliable quantum computation. Here, we propose to protect logical qubits with a novel dynamical decoupling scheme that implements iSWAP…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-15 Jia-Xiu Han , Jiang Zhang , Guang-Ming Xue , Haifeng Yu , Guilu Long

The color code is remarkable for its ability to perform fault-tolerant logic gates. This motivates the design of practical decoders that minimise the resource cost of color-code quantum computation. Here we propose a decoder for the planar…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-20 Kaavya Sahay , Benjamin J. Brown

Increasing connectivity and decreasing qubit-state delocalization without compromising the speed and accuracy of elementary gate operations are topical challenges in the development of large-scale superconducting quantum computers. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-12 Tuure Orell , Hao Hsu , Joona Andersson , Jani Tuorila , Frank Deppe , Hsiang-Sheng Ku

When a logical qubit is protected using a quantum error-correcting code, the net effect of coding, decoherence (a physical channel acting on qubits in the codeword) and recovery can be represented exactly by an effective channel acting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Benjamin Rahn , Andrew C. Doherty , Hideo Mabuchi

Semiconductor spin qubits are a promising platform for large-scale quantum computing, but have yet to take full advantage of the broad class of quantum low-density parity check (QLDPC) codes, which promise high encoding rates and efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-29 Jason D. Chadwick , Frederic T. Chong

We study the performance of Bacon-Shor codes, quantum subsystem codes which are well suited for applications to fault-tolerant quantum memory because the error syndrome can be extracted by performing two-qubit measurements. Assuming…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-02-12 John Napp , John Preskill

Color codes are promising quantum error correction (QEC) codes because they have an advantage over surface codes in that all Clifford gates can be implemented transversally. However, thresholds of color codes under circuit-level noise are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-18 Yugo Takada , Keisuke Fujii

Fault-tolerant logical operations for qubits encoded by CSS codes are discussed, with emphasis on methods that apply to codes of high rate, encoding k qubits per block with k>1. It is shown that the logical qubits within a given block can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Andrew M. Steane , Ben Ibinson

Quantum error correction is rapidly seeing first experimental implementations, but there is a significant gap between asymptotically optimal error-correcting codes and codes that are experimentally feasible. Quantum LDPC codes range from…

Fault-tolerant operations based on stabilizer codes are the state of the art in suppressing error rates in quantum computations. Most such codes do not permit a straightforward implementation of non-Clifford logical operations, which are…

Fabrication errors pose a significant challenge in scaling up solid-state quantum devices to the sizes required for fault-tolerant (FT) quantum applications. To mitigate the resource overhead caused by fabrication errors, we combine two…

The surface code scheme for quantum computation features a 2d array of nearest-neighbor coupled qubits yet claims a threshold error rate approaching 1% (NJoP 9:199, 2007). This result was obtained for the toric code, from which the surface…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-11-18 D. S. Wang , A. G. Fowler , A. M. Stephens , L. C. L. Hollenberg

Most quantum computing architectures can be realized as two-dimensional lattices of qubits that interact with each other. We take transmon qubits and transmission line resonators as promising candidates for qubits and couplers; we use them…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2016-03-14 Martin Wosnitzka , Fabio L. Pedrocchi , David P. DiVincenzo